Joint Simulation of Transmission X-ray Imaging on GPU and Patient's Respiration on CPU

Franck P. Vidal; Pierre-Frédéric Villard; Manuel Garnier; Nicolas Freud; J.M. Létang; Nigel W. John; Fernando Bello

hal-00485720, version 1

Joint Simulation of Transmission X-ray Imaging on GPU and Patient's Respiration on CPU

Franck P. Vidal ( Author to contact preferably ) ¹, Pierre-Frédéric Villard () ^2, 3, Manuel Garnier ⁴, Nicolas Freud () ⁵, J.M. Létang () ⁵, Nigel W. John ⁶, Fernando Bello ²

American Association of Physicists in Medicine Annual Meeting - AAPM 2010 (2010)

1: University of California [San Diego] (UCSD)
http://www.ucsd.edu/
University of California, San Diego UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 United States
2: Imperial College London
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/
Imperial College London Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
3: MAGRIT (INRIA Lorraine - LORIA)
http://magrite.loria.fr/
CNRS : UMR7503 – INRIA – Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I – Université Nancy II – Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL) France
4: Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières (BRGM)
http://www.brgm.fr/
Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) France
5: Controle Non Destructif par Rayonnements Ionisants (CNDRI)
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) - Lyon Antoine de SAINT-EXUPERY 25, avenue Jean Capelle 69621 Villeurbanne France
6: Bangor University
http://www.bangor.ac.uk/
Bangor University Bangor University - Bangor -Gwynedd - LL57 2DG United Kingdom

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hal-00485720, version 1
http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00485720
oai:hal.archives-ouvertes.fr:hal-00485720
From: Pierre-Frédéric Villard <>
Submitted on: Friday, 21 May 2010 15:37:31
Updated on: Monday, 21 June 2010 14:20:24

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%% hal-00485720, version 1
%% http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00485720
@inproceedings{vidal:hal-00485720,
    hal_id = {hal-00485720},
    url = {http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00485720},
    title = {{Joint Simulation of Transmission X-ray Imaging on GPU and Patient's Respiration on CPU}},
    author = {Vidal, Franck, P. and Villard, Pierre-Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Garnier, Manuel and Freud, Nicolas and L{\'e}tang, J.M. and John, Nigel, W. and Bello, Fernando},
    abstract = {{Purpose: We previously proposed to compute the X-ray attenuation from polygons directly on the GPU, using OpenGL, to significantly increase performance without loss of accuracy. The method has been deployed into a training simulator for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The simulations were however restricted to monochromatic X-rays using a point source. They now take into account both the geometrical blur and polychromatic X-rays. Method and Materials: To implement the Beer-Lambert law with a polychromatic beam, additional loops have been included in the simulation pipeline. It is split into rendering passes and uses frame buffer objects to store intermediate results. The source shape is modeled using a variable number of point sources and the incident beam is split into discrete energy channels. The respiration model is composed of ribs, spine, lungs, liver, diaphragm and the external skin. The organ motion simulation is based on anatomical and physiological studies: the model is monitored by two independent active components: the ribs with a kinematics law and the diaphragm tendon with an up and down translation. Other soft-tissue components are passively deformed using a 3D extension of the ChainMail algorithm. The respiration rate is also tunable to modify the respiratory profile. Results: We have extended the simulation pipeline to take into account focal spots that cause geometric unsharpness and polychromatic X-rays, and dynamic polygon meshes of a breathing patient can be used as input data. Conclusions: X-ray transmission images can be fully simulated on the GPU, by using the Beer-Lambert law with polychromatism and taking into account the shape of the source. The respiration of the patient can be modeled to produce dynamic meshes. This is a useful development to improve the level of realism in simulations, when it is needed to retain both speed and accuracy.}},
    language = {English},
    affiliation = {University of California [San Diego] - UCSD , Imperial College London , MAGRIT - INRIA Lorraine - LORIA , Bureau de recherches g{\'e}ologiques et mini{\`e}res - BRGM , Controle Non Destructif par Rayonnements Ionisants - CNDRI , Bangor University},
    booktitle = {{American Association of Physicists in Medicine Annual Meeting - AAPM 2010}},
    address = {Philadelphia, United States},
    year = {2010},
    month = Jul,
}

%F hal-00485720, version 1
%0 Conference Paper
%U http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00485720
%2 INFO:INFO_MO
%T Joint Simulation of Transmission X-ray Imaging on GPU and Patient's Respiration on CPU
%A Vidal, Franck
%A Villard, Pierre-Frédéric
%A Garnier, Manuel
%A Freud, Nicolas
%A Létang, J.M.
%A John, Nigel
%A Bello, Fernando
%+ University of California [San Diego] - UCSD , Imperial College London , MAGRIT - INRIA Lorraine - LORIA , Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières - BRGM , Controle Non Destructif par Rayonnements Ionisants - CNDRI , Bangor University
%X Purpose: We previously proposed to compute the X-ray attenuation from polygons directly on the GPU, using OpenGL, to significantly increase performance without loss of accuracy. The method has been deployed into a training simulator for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The simulations were however restricted to monochromatic X-rays using a point source. They now take into account both the geometrical blur and polychromatic X-rays. Method and Materials: To implement the Beer-Lambert law with a polychromatic beam, additional loops have been included in the simulation pipeline. It is split into rendering passes and uses frame buffer objects to store intermediate results. The source shape is modeled using a variable number of point sources and the incident beam is split into discrete energy channels. The respiration model is composed of ribs, spine, lungs, liver, diaphragm and the external skin. The organ motion simulation is based on anatomical and physiological studies: the model is monitored by two independent active components: the ribs with a kinematics law and the diaphragm tendon with an up and down translation. Other soft-tissue components are passively deformed using a 3D extension of the ChainMail algorithm. The respiration rate is also tunable to modify the respiratory profile. Results: We have extended the simulation pipeline to take into account focal spots that cause geometric unsharpness and polychromatic X-rays, and dynamic polygon meshes of a breathing patient can be used as input data. Conclusions: X-ray transmission images can be fully simulated on the GPU, by using the Beer-Lambert law with polychromatism and taking into account the shape of the source. The respiration of the patient can be modeled to produce dynamic meshes. This is a useful development to improve the level of realism in simulations, when it is needed to retain both speed and accuracy.
%G English
%2 
%B American Association of Physicists in Medicine Annual Meeting - AAPM 2010
%8 2010-07-18
%8 2010-07-22
%2 Philadelphia
%2 United States

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