. En-particulier and . Le-modèle, interception des pesticides par le couvert doit permettre d'affiner les démarches d'évaluation des risques pesticides dans le cadre de l'homologation. En outre, l'évaluation des risques de dispersion vers l'air est très frustre, en absence d'outils suffisamment performants et reconnus pour estimer la volatilisation des pesticides à partir du feuillage

. Enfin, Le consortium associe des laboratoires de recherche publique (France et Pays Bas) et des instituts techniques (France et UK) Les partenaires du projet sont ainsi complémentaires, et couvrent ensemble des domaines très variés, Ce réseau devrait être source d'innovation face aux nouvelles questions des acteurs et gestionnaires dans l'avenir

K. Ando, R. Grumet, K. Terpstra, and J. D. Kelly, Manipulation of plant architecture to enhance crop disease control. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, vol.2, issue.026, 2005.

F. Aries, L. Prevot, and P. Monestiez, Geometrical canopy modelling in radiation simulation studies, Crop structure and light microclimate : characterization and applications, 1993.

A. Bahat, M. B. Gelernter, Z. Brown, and . Eyal, Factors Affecting the Vertical Progression of Septoria Leaf Blotch in Short-Statured Wheats, Phytopathology, vol.70, issue.3, pp.179-184, 1980.
DOI : 10.1094/Phyto-70-179

M. Bancal, C. Robert, and . Ney, Modelling Wheat Growth and Yield Losses from Late Epidemics of Foliar Diseases using Loss of Green Leaf Area per Layer and Pre-anthesis Reserves, Annals of Botany, vol.100, issue.4, pp.777-789, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcm163
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191942

R. Barillot, A. J. Escobar-gutiérrez, C. Fournier, P. Huynh, and D. Combes, Assessing the effects of architectural variations on light partitioning within virtual wheat-pea mixtures, Annals of Botany, vol.114, issue.4, pp.725-737, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcu099
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01095288

C. Bedos, M. F. Rousseau-djabri, B. Loubet, B. Durand, D. Flura et al., Fungicide Volatilization Measurements: Inverse Modeling, Role of Vapor Pressure, and State of Foliar Residue, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.44, issue.7, pp.2522-2528, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/es9030547
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192191

K. P. Bentson, Fate of Xenobiotics in Foliar Pesticide Deposits, Reviews Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.114, pp.125-161, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3368-8_4

N. Brunet, L. Guichard, B. Omon, N. Pingault, E. Pleyber et al., L'indicateur de fréquence de traitements (IFT) : un indicateur pour une utilisation durable des pesticides, pp.13-23, 2008.

J. B. Burie, M. Langlais, and A. Calonnec, Switching from a mechanistic model to a continuous model to study at different scales the effect of vine growth on the dynamic of a powdery mildew epidemic, Annals of Botany, vol.107, issue.5, pp.885-895, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcq233
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00545187

A. Calonnec, J. Burie, M. Langlais, S. Guyader, S. Saint-jean et al., Impacts of plant growth and architecture on pathogen processes and their consequences for epidemic behaviour, European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.107, issue.3, pp.479-497, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10658-012-0111-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00946867

R. F. Carsel, J. C. Imhoff, P. R. Hummel, J. M. Cheplick, A. S. Donigian et al., PRZM 3, a model for predicting pesticide and nitrogen fate in the crop root and unsaturated soil zones: Users manual for release 3.12, 1998.

M. Chelle, B. Andrieu, and K. Bouatouch, ? 1998 -Nested radiosity for plant canopies. The Visual Computer, pp.109-125

M. Chelle, J. Hanan, and H. Autret, Lighting virtual crops : the CARIBU solution for open L-systems. In: 4th International Workshop on Functional-Structural Plant Models, Montpellier, ECHAP L'architecture des couverts : un levier pour réduire l'utilisation des fongicides ? 12, p.43, 2004.

H. De-ruiter, C. Kempenaar, and G. Blom, Foliar absorption of crop protection agents : influence of CPA properties, formulation and plant species, Report, vol.77, 2004.

I. Cordery and A. G. Graham, Forecasting wheat yields using a water budgeting model, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.40, issue.4, pp.715-728, 1989.
DOI : 10.1071/AR9890715

M. L. España, F. Baret, M. Chelle, F. Aries, and B. Andrieu, A dynamic model of maize 3D architecture: application to the parameterisation of the clumpiness of the canopy, Agronomie, vol.18, issue.10, pp.609-626, 1998.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:19981001

M. L. España, F. Baret, F. Aries, and B. Andrieu, Radiative transfer sensitivity to the accuracy of canopy structure description. The case of a maize canopy, Agronomie, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.241-254, 1999.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:19990305

J. B. Evers, Tillering in Spring Wheat, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-5906-X_17
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191979

C. Fournier and B. Andrieu, ADEL-maize: an L-system based model for the integration of growth processes from the organ to the canopy. Application to regulation of morphogenesis by light availability, Agronomie, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.313-327, 1999.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:19990311
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885933

C. Fournier, B. Andrieu, S. Ljutovac, S. Saint-jean, O. Pigeon et al., ADEL-wheat: a 3D architectural model of wheat development In: Plant Growth Modeling and Applications Fate of epoxiconazole and kresoxim-methyl in wheat according to time of application, Communications in agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, vol.70, issue.4, pp.54-66, 2003.

P. Hobbelen, N. Paveley, and F. Van-den-bosch, The Emergence of Resistance to Fungicides, PLoS ONE, vol.42, issue.3, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0091910.s001

L. Huber, L. V. Madden, and B. D. Fitt, Environmental biophysics applied to the dispersal of fungal spores by rain-splash The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases, pp.348-370, 2006.

T. Katagi, Photodegradation of Pesticides on Plant and Soil Surfaces, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.182, pp.1-189, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4419-9098-3_1

M. Leistra, A. M. Van-der-linden, J. J. Boesten, A. Tiktak, and F. Ven-den-berg, PEARL model pesticide behaviour and emissions in soil-plant systems; Descriptions of the processes in FOCUS PEARL v 1.1.1. Alterra-report 013, Alterra RIVM, p.115, 2001.

M. Leistra, Estimating input data for computations on the voplatilisation of pestiides from plant canopies and competing processes, Aterra repport, p.1256, 2005.

M. Leistra, F. Van-den, and . Berg, Volatilization of Parathion and Chlorothalonil from a Potato Crop Simulated by the PEARL Model, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.41, issue.7, pp.2243-2248, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/es0627242

G. Louarn, K. Chenu, C. Fournier, B. Andrieu, and C. Giauffret, Relative contributions of light interception and radiation use efficiency to the reduction of maize productivity under cold temperatures, Functional Plant Biology, vol.35, issue.10, pp.885-899, 2008.
DOI : 10.1071/FP08061
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192233

D. J. Lovell, S. R. Parker, T. Hunter, D. J. Royle, and R. R. Coker, Influence of crop growth and structure on the risk of epidemics by Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici) in winter wheat, Plant Pathology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.126-138, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-206.x

D. J. Lovell, S. R. Parker, T. Hunter, S. J. Welham, and A. R. Nichols, Position of inoculum in the canopy affects the risk of septoria tritici blotch epidemics in winter wheat, Plant Pathology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.11-21, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90018-L

D. Lovell, S. R. Parker, N. D. Paveley, A. J. Worland, V. Polak et al., Understanding field resistance mechanisms for improved control of Septoria tritici. Proceeding of 6th Conference of European Foundation for Plant Pathology, Czeck Republic : Institute of Agricultural and Food Information, 2002.

L. V. Madden, G. Hughes, F. Van-den, and . Bosch, The Study of Plant Disease Epidemics, 2007.

J. L. Monteith, Climate and the Efficiency of Crop Production in Britain [and Discussion], Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.281, issue.980, pp.277-294, 1977.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1977.0140

C. Robert, C. Fournier, B. Andrieu, and B. Ney, Coupling a 3D virtual wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant model with a Septoria tritici epidemic model (Septo3D): a new approach to investigate plant-pathogen interactions linked to canopy architecture, Functional Plant Biology, issue.10, pp.35-997, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192058

B. Rolland, C. Bouchard, C. Loyce, J. Meynard, H. Guyomard et al., Des itineraries techniques à bas niveaux d'intrants pour des variétés rustiques de blé tendre: une alternative pour concilier économie et environnement, pp.49-96, 2003.

S. Jean, S. Chelle, M. Huber, and L. , Modeling water transfer by rain splash in a 3D canopy structure by means of Monte Carlo integration, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.121, pp.3-4, 2004.

S. Saint-jean, A. Testa, L. V. Madden, and E. L. Huber, Relationship between pathogen splash dispersal gradient and Weber number of impacting drops, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.141, issue.2-4, pp.2-4257, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.10.009

N. M. Satchivi, E. W. Stoller, L. M. Wax, and D. P. Briskin, A Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation Model for Xenobiotic Transport and Whole Plant Allocation Following Foliar Application. I. Conceptual Foundation for Model Development, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.68, issue.2, pp.67-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/pest.2000.2501

N. M. Satchivi, E. W. Stoller, L. M. Wax, and D. P. Briskin, A nonlinear, dynamic, simulation model for transport, and whole plant allocation of systemic xenobiotics following foliar application. IV: Physicochemical properties requirements for optimum absorption and translocation, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.84, issue.2, pp.83-97, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.05.009

M. T. Scholtz, E. Voldner, A. C. Mcmillan, and B. J. Van-heyst, A pesticide emission model (PEM) Part I: model development, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.32, pp.5005-5013, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00570-8

L. Schreiber, K. Schorn, and T. Heimburg, 2 H NMR study of cuticular wax isolated from Hordeum vulgare L. leaves: identification of amorphous and crystalline wax phases, European Biophysics Journal, vol.26, issue.5, pp.371-380, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490050091

M. W. Shaw and D. J. Royle, Factors determining the severity of epidemics of Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici) on winter wheat in the UK, Plant Pathology, vol.29, issue.6, pp.882-899, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90018-L

T. Halle, A. Drncova, D. Richard, and C. , Phototransformation of the Herbicide Sulcotrione on Maize Cuticular Wax, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.40, issue.9, pp.2989-2995, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/es052266h

F. Van-den-berg, R. Kubiak, W. G. Benjey, M. S. Majewski, S. R. Yates et al., Emission of Pesticides into the Air, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.115, pp.195-218, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-1536-2_9

F. Van-den-berg, C. Bedos, and M. Leistra, Volatilisation of pesticides computed with the PEARL model for different initial distributions within the crop canopy, International Advances in Pesticide Application, Association of Applied Biology, pp.131-138, 2008.

&. Willis and . Mcdowell, Pesticide persistence on foliage, Reviews Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.100, pp.23-73, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-4804-0_2

L. Xu, H. Zhu, H. E. Ozkan, W. E. Bagley, and C. R. Krause, Droplet evaporation and spread on waxy and hairy leaves associated with type and concentration of adjuvants, Pest Management Science, vol.106, issue.7, pp.842-851, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.2122