# Permutations of context-free, ET0L and indexed languages

Abstract : For a language $L$, we consider its cyclic closure, and more generally the language $C^{k}(L)$, which consists of all words obtained by partitioning words from $L$ into $k$ factors and permuting them. We prove that the classes of ET0L and EDT0L languages are closed under the operators $C^k$. This both sharpens and generalises Brandstädt's result that if $L$ is context-free then $C^{k}(L)$ is context-sensitive and not context-free in general for $k \geq 3$. We also show that the cyclic closure of an indexed language is indexed.
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Article dans une revue
Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, DMTCS, 2016, Vol. 17 no. 3 (3), pp.167-178

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https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01352858
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Tara Brough, Laura Ciobanu, Murray Elder, Georg Zetzsche. Permutations of context-free, ET0L and indexed languages. Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, DMTCS, 2016, Vol. 17 no. 3 (3), pp.167-178. 〈hal-01352858〉

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