The Importance of Emerging Markets for Petroleum Technology Companies in Norway: Management and Entry Operation Strategies

. The petroleum industry today are characterised by local companies emerging to other markets. This paper evaluates from cases the importance of these markets, and how many actually export to them. The offshore technology petroleum industry is one of Norway’s largest industry sectors. The main competitive advantage of this sector is its knowledge base. An important part of the industry supplies platforms and other highly specialised equipment to the petroleum industry. Constraints to achieving success in these markets are many; official data may be unreliable, corruption might flourish, there will be large cultural differences and the political and legal risks might be high. Prejudice against different societies can also be an obstacle in creating and developing organizations that promote trade.


Introduction
Multinational companies from developed countries are enhancing their presence in emerging markets because they see the impact on growth and related bottom-line effects of their decisions and actions. They have increased their competitiveness by engaging in emerging markets performance enhancing activities. Growth in any market opens up the necessity for exchange of knowledge and technology. Especially in the postfinancial crisis era, companies from developed countries can spot opportunities in emerging markets.
According to the United Nations there are over sixty thousand firms operating internationally controlling at least half a million foreign affiliates. Together they produce goods worth more than eleven trillion USD. The trade between these companies have increased faster than the world trade overall (World Economic Forum, 2008). Private companies, through efficient organizations and capitalistic principles implement faster routines to enter new markets than others. These companies are now the global economy and drive the growth of different countries (UNCTAD, 2004). At the same time the largest economic growth of today is based in emerging countries. There is a shift in the world's economic power, from the West to the East (Enderwick, 2009). Usually globalization has been mentioned to describe free trade in goods and services, but the fast expansion of today's technological development has created a global arena of transfers of jobs and skills across borders, outsourcing and off shoring in order to cut costs. Part of the fastpaced globalization has occurred because companies find it hard to achieve growth in the already developed world. So they tend to turn against emerging markets, realizing that they yield better sales growth than can be found in the developed world (Pacek et al. 2007).
Business operations in emerging markets are a concept that is gaining popularity among many multinationals today. For many organizations it is not only a way of expanding their business, but also a part of the globalization that takes place around us today. Emerging markets accounted for about half of the world's GDP in 2006 and these markets continue to demonstrate a tremendous growth that outpaces those of the already developed markets (Pacek et al. 2007). As a result, many companies see the ability to sell effectively to these markets as integral to their long-term survival in an ever-increasing competitive environment. Business conducted in emerging markets enables companies to achieve lower production costs, gain access to new customers, obtain access to information or resources and spread business risk. This will also help companies react more quickly to changes in the market, and respond more promptly to customer requests.

Characteristics of emerging markets
! Countries generally considered to be emerging markets, possess some, but not necessarily all of the following ! Per capita income of less than US $10,725 (the current World Bank definition of low and middle income economies) ! Recent or relatively recent economic liberalisation ! Debt ratings below investment grade by major international ratings agencies ! Recent liberalisation of the political system and a move towards greater public participation in the political process Studies of the different emerging markets have become more and more important, and several leading organizations have conducted studies on the subject and gives out yearly rankings. The most well-recognized and popular ranking of competitiveness of countries is the Global Competitiveness Rankings and World Competitiveness rankings.
The World Economic Forum conducts the Global Competitiveness Rankings study. Competitiveness is defined as the collection of factors, policies and institutions that determine the level of productivity of a country and thus determine the level of prosperity that can be attained by an economy.
The annual World Competitive Index is given by IMD. Competitiveness of nations could be described as an integrative process of all policies in a country in order to have a blueprint to increase prosperity (IMD, 2006). The World Competitiveness Index has four components, namely, economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency and infrastructure.
Knowledge has emerged and is accepted as the most critical resource (Bartlett and Ghosal, 1993;Moffet et al, 2010;Pillania, 2006). The main producers of wealth are information and knowledge generators (Moffet, 2010). Knowledge has an important role in advancing economic and social wellbeing and poor countries differ from rich ones not only because they have less capital, but also because they have less knowledge (World Economic Forum, 2008). Management scholars today consider knowledge and the ability to create and utilize knowledge to be the most important source of a firm's sustainable competitive advantage (Pillania, 2005).

How important is emerging markets in the oil industry today?
To understand the importance of emerging markets for Norwegian companies within the petroleum industry, we should assess the upstream sites of one of the largest oil producers in the world. ExxonMobil is the largest oil company in the world, having a turnover of 1515 billion USD in 2013, and over 70 000 employees. An overview of the upstream activities shows that most of activities in production stem from emerging markets, and most of the major sites and new additions are also in connection to emerging markets. This indicates future activity that is expected to rise in these areas. These activities are also centred and mainly focused on emerging markets. For petroleum technology companies that offer new and more efficient technology, this is valuable information in order to understand where the future market for their products and services will be. The end-client for all of the case companies in this paper is eventually the petroleum operators such as BP, ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Statoil and so forth.

Strategies to enter emerging markets
When companies go global they will have to establish a global distribution system and an integrated manufacturing capability, and these factors gives the company a competitive advantage. However, going global poses also a lot of challenges, such as variety of commercial invoices, different bills of lading, and inspection certificates and in addition the company needs to comply with new domestic and international regulations. This will be discussed in the following chapters. According to Hisrich and al., there are different modes of entering or engaging in international business, these modes can be divided into three categories: Exporting, non equity arrangements as in turn-key contracts and licensing, and direct foreign investment as in joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries (see table under).

Entry Mode Advantage Disadvantage
Exporting • Ability to realize location and experience curve economies The most common way of starting an international venture is through exporting. Exporting is when a company or an organization sells and ships products or services manufactured in one country to another country. Towards the emerging market, Norwegian companies needs to have an emerging market agent that purchases the products or the services, and then sells them to the end costumer. Non-equity arrangements consist of licensing and turnkey projects. Joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries makes the Norwegian companies obliged to invest in Emerging markets, and be a part of the economical sphere there, thus an direct foreign investment.

Methodology
This paper is based on data collected through interviews of 40 different companies in the oil industry in near proximity to Stavanger. In addition all of the companies are characterised as Petroleum technology, this was also a prerequisite in order to be able to participate in the analysis. The primary source for this study was a semi-structured interview with 10 questions, in addition to an open and informal interview style in order to understand and get to know the organization and management on a deeper level. A typical interview lasted for about 60 minutes, with additional open-ended questions in order to understand the importance of sales and marketing in emerging markets for these companies. 3) What kind of entry-strategy they use when entering into emerging markets. 4) Who in the organization are responsible for the export and establishment effort in emerging markets?

Study results
All of the interviews were done with the top management of all of the companies. Top management is characterized by being one of the owners, CEO, CTO or others with key supervisory responsibilities. This has given this paper a unique insight into the management patterns of highly entrepreneurial companies during export to foreign countries, effectively mapping the most relevant countries.
• Top management gave 100% of the interviews.
• 75% of the companies operate within upstream, 25% within downstream. • 100% of the companies export to foreign countries.
• 82% of the companies export to emerging markets.
• The most important emerging market was listed to be Middle East, with Brazil following closely afterwards. • Only 25,5% has an office in an emerging market. Of these average age in the markets were 3,5 years. • When exporting to emerging markets, these where the statistics on the different entry-modes:

Entry Mode Total companies
Exporting 100% Turn-key contracts 12,5% Licensing 57,6% Agent 55% Joint Ventures 63,5% Wholly owned subsidiaries 25,5% • 72,5% cited that emerging markets were very important for their business, 17,5% said it was important, while approx. 10% claimed it to be less important. • In 95% of all case companies, the top management were in charge of the operations towards emerging markets.
It is quite evident that emerging markets are important for most of the companies surveyed. A surprising fact is also that all companies have, at least once, exported products or services to foreign countries. One of the groups interviewed, Roxel Group, consists of several daughter companies who all fall under the SME and technology definition. In addition BR Industries were surveyed. This industrial group is one of the largest in Rogaland. Several of the companies surveyed belong to BR Industries. The case studies and interviews suggests that the oil technology companies have been clever in following the footsteps of the larger oil operators. We can refer back to our assessment and analysis of ExxonMobil and their focus of expanding operations. Interestingly but not surprisingly the Middle East were the most common emerging market to expand into. Norwegian companies are eager to investigate possibilities and expand into new international markets as their own market space is becoming more and more competitive. Emerging markets has a good impression of Norwegian companies and is interested in cooperating with them in order to do business and create new opportunities. However, another interesting fact from the research shows that many of the companies just recently have established a link or a connection to emerging markets. The average age of being established were only 3,5 years for those companies who had an office in these markets. This suggests that our case companies just recently have acknowledged the importance of the emerging markets. Our discussions with those companies that have established themselves in emerging markets thus suggest that the Norwegian companies needs to invest in emerging markets for the long run and cannot expect to "take over" the market space in matter of months. The competition in emerging markets is fierce, but the benefits are great for the companies that think tactically and plan accordingly. Large cultural, religious and language differences are also often a barrier, however with time they are overcome.

Conclusions
Our research shows that the Norwegian companies surveyed are expanding and exporting to emerging markets, thus shown that they have acknowledged the importance of these markets to their companies. The emerging markets that they choose to expand to, and do business in -are mainly markets where large and known petroleum operators already do business. This is quite common in the petroleum industry, as our research also supports. Smaller companies, such as technology intensive SME, follows the larger corporations out into the rest of the world. For many of the companies that were investigated, much of their revenues, to an increasing extent came from emerging markets. The most popular mode of entry for most companies is exporting directly to the different markets. The importance of emerging markets are also evident for these companies, due to that almost all companies have assigned the task of expansion in these markets to someone in the top management of each company. The emerging markets are quite important for Norwegian SME technology companies within the petroleum industry, and that they are quite good in expanding to these market and that they have highly prioritized their operation strategies towards emerging markets.