The Green IT Certification Ruled by the Infotercio Financial Model

. Present article gives continuity to the elaboration of the infotercio (cid:28)nancial model proposed as an alternative to implementing environmental management systems in governmental institutions based on the emission reduction of printed reports, source codes and forms origi-nated from IT activities. It discusses procedures of green IT certi(cid:28)cation for managers and governmental institutions derived from ISO 14000 family and People CMM, combining both in a new set of requirements. Also it summarizes the reasons for such a certi(cid:28)cation system, noting that waste paper is now a major global problem, not only in terms of direct environmental impacts but from the point of view of the unreasonable and unnecessary use of paper in governmental business processes, gen-erating high costs, mismanagements and time losses, at the same time causing reduction in the available physical space in corporate environments and increase in fuel consumption for transport.


Introduction
From the strong conicts between public and private interests concerning environmental management during the seventies and the eighties, the growing general awareness about the damage caused to Earth and human health along the evolution of production processes and the huge social inequalities existing around the planet have allowed organizations to manage their ecosystemic impacts with higher responsibility. The concept of sustainable development, created in 1987 by the United Nations, came up with the aim of promoting agreement between contender parties.
In a former work , the authors pointed out that paper constitutes a large portion of IT waste in governmental institutions as spurious or unnecessary printed reports, source codes and forms, although the subject is still not treated with the tting attention but included in a generic approach of sustainable development ( [8], [13], [14]). As they note, green IT is now much focused on environmental certications and metrics on general waste emissions ( [5], [12]) and virtualization as a mean for reducing signicantly electricity rates [1]. Actions of Green IT supporting businesses have been described with little written specically about IT oce paper use and disposal. To cease to be waste, paper from IT services has to be considered under a set of emissions reduction procedures connected to a certain green certication for organizations and managers.
This article takes as starting point the infotercio nancial model, explained earlier, proposing a green certication system associated with the model and characterized by maturity levels to both institution and manager. The Standard to be proposed contains only those requirements that can be objectively audited for certication/registration and/or self-declaration refering to waste paper management. Additional guidance on other matters relating to environmental management must be searched in ISO 14000 family. The authors emphasize that it is essential to read the previous article so that we can have a full comprehension of the subject.

Background
As we know, more than half of all oce waste is constituted by paper. Worldwide paper is one of the bigest sources of trash. The numbers are astronomical; just to give an idea, according to the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC), Sydney, until 2005 Australians consumed around 3.5 million tonnes of paper each year, in which only 11% of total oce paper was recycled [2]. At 2007, Brazil spent 42 kg/inhab.year compared to larger consumers like United States, for example, with a per capita consumption of 288 kg/inhab.year and France with a rate of 144 kg/inhab.year. Founded on these rates, it is expected that consumption shall increase very fast in next decades whether nothing is done ASAP.
The infotercio ($INFO), as previously dened, is a unit of green nancial credit to promote IT governance in compliance with the green principle that the greater the reduction in the emission of printed paper the higher the available credit to modernize IT areas (see Fig. 1). The value in dollars of that unit depends on the current governmental policies. As no cash is involved, just green credits computed by external IT audits, the model helps to reduce the risk of misappropriation of public funds. It was created specically for IT governmental management also with the objective of environmental education in public institutions about the use of paper and its disposal after utilization, linking resources availability to corporate performance regarding the reduction of waste paper. Unlike carbon credits, infotercios may not be transferred or sold to other institutions. To achieve signicant adhesion to green IT under the infotercionancial model it is necessary to go through the adoption of a certication ritual that is not limited only to the institution but capable of being extended to the IT manager himself. Brazilian public institutions are far from achieve consolidated internal processes to reduce waste generation. In particular, with respect to the waste paper there is a complete slouch on the amount of unnecessary or misdened printed reports, which invariably end up in the trash or in the drawers of managers without even serve as scratch paper. Cardboard boxes accumulated in the corridors of the IT coordinations serve as trash cans for printed papers coming from the bad exercise of environmental sustainability and from the absence of document management frameworks. Although concerned to the issue of resources for IT, the infotercio nancial model emerges as a solution to the problem of waste paper in governmental institutions, promoting improvements, environmental education and professional qualication. as recycling to treat solid waste. The only standard series ISO 14000 certiable with respect to environmental management is ISO 14001:2004.
Although most small and medium enterprises (SME) have little knowledge or interest in environmental issues [3], the number of organizations certied by ISO 14001 has grown worldwide and should remain so in face of the increasing demands for environmental sustainability. In European Union, Marimon et al. point 1,096 IT organizations certied in 2008 compared to only 139 in 2000 [7]. The number does not seem very meaningful in a computerized world partly due to the high costs associated with the implementation of ISO 14000 [15], in particular ISO 14001, a fact that can indeed become a barrier for many institutions. However, for governmental institutions like Ministries not all features of ISO 14000 are necessary, since these organizations do not carry out processes of recycling or incineration but can perform reductions of paper emissions implementing ECM (Enterprise Content Management) and business intelligence dashboards, so that those high costs can no longer be a barrier if institutions start from a basic environmental management systems (EMS). Also, while ISO 14001 species only general requirements for operating EMSs with no resolves on how or to what extent to do this [10], organizations can develop their own solutions to be in compliance with the standard's demands. This is what infotercio nancial model must provide: a green IT certication based only in paper economy. This certication shall be linked to a special Brazilian norm, named NBR-INFO 2014, prescribing scopes, gradual aims and patterns with sudgestions about tools and processes, so that institutions can rationalize the use of renewable and nonrenewable resources. 4 The Green People Capability Maturity Model The IT manager career has been gaining more and more expression from the beginning of the 21st century at the same time that main focus has shifted to services. It is a sophisticated prole, in a constant process of adaptation and acquisition of diverse knowledge about various subjects. Although not formally recognized, in practice it has, by analogy, the same importance of the old systems analyst during the 80s. As an administrative career on IT processes and technologies, it can be valued through specializations, postgraduate courses and certications, though none of them replace the accumulated experience. The infotercio nancial model provides a green certication based on People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) as a way to characterize the manager's expertise, offering an important item of professional ascension within a market increasingly competitive in quality.
The P-CMM is a tool that employs a maturity framework of best practices for managing and developing human resources based on the successful Capability Maturity Model for software (SW-CMM), guiding institutions in the improvement of their processes related to the pursuit of the human capital excellence by ve maturity levels. P-CMM helps institutions to characterize the maturity of their people practices, establishing a program of continuous amelioration and integrating people development with process improvement. Version 1 of P-CMM was released in 1995. Version 2 has been designed to correct Version 1, since experience has pointed that many organizations start formal development of workgroups while working toward Maturity Level 3, on the contrary of placing team-building activities at Maturity Level 4 as prescribed in Version 1. So, Version 2 starts process-driven workgroup development at Maturity Level 3. The infotercio nancial model presumes a green P-CMM solely concerning to management prociency on environmental issues. Based on the adapted model from Rodrigues [11], we consider a proposal for continuing professional education, inserting the concept of maturity levels targeted to green IT. Rodrigues identies four levels of maturity in their adapted model: (i) Level 0 -Denition of parameters, (ii) Level 1 -Planning, (iii) Level 2 -Quantication of Performance, (iv) Level 3 -Optimization of Performance, as shown in Fig. 2, considering indicators KMB (Knowledge Monitoring Bias) and KMA (Knwoledge Monitoring Accuracy) [11]. Each of the four maturity levels points to a dierent stage of organizational capability for managing and developing human resources in the sense of to attain sustainable processes of waste paper control. Maturity levels provide layers for continuous improvement of workforce prociency in environmental sustainability. On one hand, in the rst article the authors established the so-called green IT card to be granted to the IT manager interested in establishing corporate policies to reduce the emission of printed paper. On the oder hand, levels of personal maturity are assessed throughout the career of the manager according to its prociency to lead the trend of exponential emission reduction of printed paper. Thus, the green IT card shall also have four levels (Fig. 3), each of them oering some additional privileges: i) Level 0 -no stars; ii) Level 1 -one star; c) Level 2 -two stars; d) level 3 -three stars. This card will be activated whenever the manager take public charges and disabled when targeted for natural exoneration.

4.1
The perspectives of the NBR-INFO 2014 The NBR INFO-2014 is a standard still under development, now submited to consideration of many stakeholders, researchers and academics. It applies to those environmental aspects of waste paper that can be controlled by the workforce of a governmental institution like consumption and waste disposal. Since there is already a full standard on environmental management for organizations, the ISO family 14000, it would be redundant to prescribe a new standard with basically the same requirements. Thus, the NBR-INFO 2014 shall specify detailed requirements on environmental management only with regard to the use and disposal of paper generated by the activities of IT and the means to process optimization that can contribute to reduce the emission of reports, source codes and forms according to the infotercio nancial model and its remuneration policy of continuous improvement of IT in order to achieve sustainable containments on paper consumption. This standard applies to all types and sizes of governmental institutions, adapting to dierent geographic, cultural and social conditions. Indeed, system's success shall depend on the degree of commitment of all corporate areas, starting with senior management, since there is compli-ance between corporate governance and IT governance [9]. Thus, the NBR-INFO 2014 adhering institutions shall set their own environmental goals while balancing environmental protection and pollution prevention with social needs. The reader must pay attention to the fact that this specication shall describe the requirements for certication/registration and/or self-declaration of the EMS of a governmental institution, with guidelines not intending to cover issues with market and competitive implications. It should be noted that this standard does not establish absolute requirements for environmental performance beyond the expressed commitment within the corporate internal policy, in compliance with infotercio nancial model's prescription of continual improvement.

Comments
As an integral part of the overall management system of the organization, the EMS provides order and consistency to addressing ecological concerns through ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and processes in coordinated action with eorts of other areas such as quality, operations, nance and health [6]. According to proposed approaches in the former article, green IT card allows IT managers to lead the implementation of the EMS sustainability measures, being a symbol of responsability and prociency since it may only be granted to managers with proven experience and expertise in environmental issues, and ongoing interest in the acquisition and preservation of their certications.
Unfortunately, in Brazil it is not enough the existence of standards like ISO 14000 to be fullled to achieve production improvements. There are serious problems in education and ethical issues that still require additional inspection agencies. Also, institutional maturity remains a barrier to be overcome. The authors have sudgested the Federation General Comptroller (FGC) as the institution responsible for the audits on the results achieved, with their internal automated processes having drastically reduced emissions of reports, keeping working through frameworks for information management and real-time monitoring of their databases related to institutional programs of sustainability. Interacting with this organization, each governmental IT manager detainer of a green IT card, with which he can monitor the amount of available infotercios, can also compute professional credits every successful action within the proposed corporate planning, registered and monitored by the FGC, thus composing his portfolio of accomplishments for further analysis of personal maturity level. 6 Conclusion This article presented the natural extension of the infotercio nancial model, that is, the green IT certication process for institutions and managers that conduct internal policies to reducing emissions of printed paper from IT services. The proposal is inserted into the scope of cleaner production and sustainability as an option to control current state of paper consumption in governmental institutions still not much concerned to ecological principles in Brazil. Restraining the use of paper in governmental business processes, it shall be possible to reduce costs, mismanagements and time losses, increasing the available physical space in corporate environments and economizing fuel for transport. Our expectation is that the complete model can be presented and tested soon at the ministerial level, demonstrating feasibility and raising discussions that promote improvement of the standard NBR-INFO 2014, now in development.