O. Saebø, J. Rose, and L. Skiftenesflak, The shape of eParticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area, Government Information Quarterly, vol.25, issue.3, pp.400-428, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.giq.2007.04.007

A. Chadwick, Bringing E-Democracy Back In, Social Science Computer Review, vol.21, issue.4, pp.443-455, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/0002716299565001002

L. Porwol, A. Ojo, and J. Breslin, On the Duality of E-Participation ??? Towards a Foundation for Citizen-Led Participation, 2nd Joint International Conference on Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective and International Conference on Electronic Democracy, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-40160-2_17

R. Grishman, Message Understanding Conference-6, Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics -, 1996.
DOI : 10.3115/992628.992709

L. Porwol, A. Ojo, and J. Breslin, Harnessing the duality of e-participation, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, ICEGOV '13, pp.289-298, 2013.
DOI : 10.1145/2591888.2591941

C. Reuter and A. Marx, Social Software as an Infrastructure for Crisis Management -a Case Study About Current Practice and Potential Usage, Proc. 8th Int. ISCRAM Conf, pp.1-10, 2011.

A. Macintosh, S. Coleman, and A. Schneeberger, eParticipation: The Research Gaps, pp.1-11, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/1461444805050764

A. Chang, Leveraging Web 2 . 0 in Government E-G overnme nt / Tech n o lo gy Series Leveraging Web 2

E. Panopoulou, E. Tambouris, and K. Tarabanis, eParticipation Initiatives in Europe: Learning from Practitioners, Ifip Int. Fed. Inf. Process, vol.11, issue.5, pp.54-65, 2010.
DOI : 10.1108/14637150510619902

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01054836

Y. Charalabidis and E. Loukis, Transforming Government Agencies' Approach to eParticipation through Efficient Exploitation of Social Media, 2011.

E. Agichtein, C. Castillo, D. Donato, A. Gionis, and G. Mishne, Finding high-quality content in social media, Proceedings of the international conference on Web search and web data mining , WSDM '08, p.183, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1341531.1341557

A. Claes, S. Sizov, S. Angeletou, S. Taylor, and T. Wandhoefer, WeGOV Project : Where eGovernment meets the eSociety, Initial WeGov toolbox, pp.1-65, 2010.

R. Effing, J. Hillegersberg, . Van, and T. Huibers, Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems?, Particip, vol.6847, pp.25-35, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-23333-3_3

URL : http://doc.utwente.nl/84267/1/Huibers_Social_Media_and_Political_Participation_2011.pdf

A. M. Moreira and A. Ladner, E-Society and E-Democracy, Media, 2009.

J. Kuzma, Asian Government Usage of Web 2 . 0 Social Media, Sites J. 20Th Century Contemp. French Stud, pp.1-13, 2010.

H. Ashley, J. Corbett, D. Jones, B. Garside, and G. Rambaldi, Change at hand: Web 2.0 for development, Particip. Learn. Action, vol.59, pp.8-20, 2009.

M. Makinen and M. Wangu-kuira, Social Media and Postelection Crisis in Kenya, The International Journal of Press/Politics, vol.13, issue.3, pp.328-335, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/1940161208319409

H. Gao, G. Barbier, and R. Goolsby, Harnessing the Crowdsourcing Power of Social Media for Disaster Relief, IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol.26, issue.3, pp.10-14, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/MIS.2011.52

T. Berners-lee, J. Hendler, and O. Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, vol.284, issue.5, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34

R. Schreiber and G. Swick, Semantic Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group, 2006.

M. A. Wimmer, Ontology for an e-participation virtual resource centre, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance, ICEGOV '07, p.89, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1328057.1328079

N. Loutas, D. Lee, and F. Maali, The semantic public service portal (S-PSP) Semanic Web ?, 2011.

A. Ojo, E. Estevez, and T. Janowski, Semantic interoperability architecture for Governance 2.0. Inf, Polity, vol.15, pp.105-123, 2010.

D. W. Embley, D. M. Campbell, R. D. Smith, and S. W. Liddle, Ontology-based extraction and structuring of information from data-rich unstructured documents, Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Information and knowledge management , CIKM '98, pp.52-59, 1998.
DOI : 10.1145/288627.288641

H. Alani, S. Kim, D. E. Millard, M. J. Weal, W. Hall et al., Web based Knowledge Extraction and Consolidation for Automatic Ontology Instantiation, 2003.

O. Etzioni, M. Cafarella, D. Downey, A. Popescu, T. Shaked et al., Unsupervised named-entity extraction from the Web: An experimental study, Artificial Intelligence, vol.165, issue.1, pp.91-134, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.artint.2005.03.001

S. Soderland, Learning Information Extraction Rules for Semi-Structured and Free Text, Machine Learning, vol.34, issue.1/3, pp.233-272, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007562322031

B. Dalvi, W. Cohen, and J. Callan, WebSets, Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining, WSDM '12, 2012.
DOI : 10.1145/2124295.2124327

E. Alfonseca and S. Manandhar, An unsupervised method for general named entity recognition and automated concept discovery. ? Conf, Gen. ?, 2002.

J. Mccrae, G. Aguado-de-cea, P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, D. Asunci et al., Interchanging lexical resources on the Semantic Web, Language Resources and Evaluation, vol.25, issue.4, pp.701-719, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/MIS.2006.62

A. Hevner and S. Chatterjee, Design Research in Information Systems Integrated Series in Information Systems, pp.9-23, 2010.

K. Peffers, T. Tuunanen, M. A. Rothenberger, and S. Chatterjee, A Design Science Research Methodology for Information Systems Research, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol.24, issue.3, pp.45-77, 2007.
DOI : 10.2753/MIS0742-1222240302

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.535.7773

E. Gabrilovich and S. Markovitch, Computing semantic relatedness using wikipedia-based explicit semantic analysis, IJCAI Int. Jt. Conf. Artif. Intell, pp.1606-1611, 2007.

M. Lane and P. Coleman, Technology ease of use through social networking media. Technology, pp.1-12, 2012.

L. Hagen, T. M. Harrison, Ö. Uzuner, T. Fake, and D. Lamanna, Introducing textual analysis tools for policy informatics, Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, dg.o '15, pp.10-19, 2015.
DOI : 10.3115/1119176.1119210