I. Benbasat, D. K. Goldstein, and M. Mead, The case research strategy in studies of information systems, MIS quarterly, pp.369-386, 1987.

A. Bhattacherjee, Social science research: principles, methods, and practices. USF Tampa Bay Open Access Textbooks Collection, 2012.

S. S. Dawes, Interagency information sharing: Expected benefits, manageable risks, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.49, issue.6, pp.377-394, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/976574

J. R. Gil-garcia, Towards a smart State? Inter-agency collaboration, information integration , and beyond, Information Polity, vol.17, issue.3, pp.269-280, 2012.

J. R. Gil-garcia, N. Helbig, and A. Ojo, Being smart: Emerging technologies and innovation in the public sector, Government Information Quarterly, vol.31, issue.1, pp.31-42, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.giq.2014.09.001

J. R. Gil-garcia, J. Zhang, and G. Puron-cid, Conceptualizing smartness in government: An integrative and multi-dimensional view, Government Information Quarterly, vol.33, issue.3, pp.524-534, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.giq.2016.03.002

R. G. Hollands, Will the real Smart City please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City, pp.303-320, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/13604810802479126

L. Huddy, Group identity and political cohesion. in Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0155

C. E. Jimenez, A. Solanas, and F. Falcone, E-Government Interoperability: Linking Open and Smart Government, Computer, vol.47, issue.10, pp.22-24, 2014.
DOI : 10.1109/MC.2014.281

L. F. Luna-reyes and J. R. Gil-garcía, Using institutional theory and dynamic simulation to understand complex e-Government phenomena, Government Information Quarterly, vol.28, issue.3, pp.329-345, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.giq.2010.08.007

URL : http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2009/proceed/papers/P1310.pdf

M. I. Manda and J. Backhouse, Towards a ???Smart Society??? Through a Connected and Smart Citizenry in South Africa: A Review of the National Broadband Strategy and Policy, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.32, issue.2, pp.228-240, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2007.11.001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01636446

M. Marchington and S. Vincent, Analysing the Influence of Institutional, Organizational and Interpersonal Forces in Shaping Inter-Organizational Relations*, Journal of Management Studies, vol.41, issue.6, pp.41-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2004.00465.x

K. B. Noor, Case Study: A Strategic Research Methodology, American Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.5, issue.11, pp.1602-1604, 2008.
DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2008.1602.1604

W. J. Orlikowski and J. J. Baroudi, Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions, Information Systems Research, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-28, 1991.
DOI : 10.1287/isre.2.1.1

URL : http://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/14404/1/IS-90-04.pdf

T. A. Pardo, T. Nam, and G. B. Burke, E-Government Interoperability, Social Science Computer Review, vol.1, issue.1, pp.7-23, 2012.
DOI : 10.1108/17506160710733724

N. Phillips, T. B. Lawrence, and C. Hardy, Inter-organizational Collaboration and the Dynamics of Institutional Fields, Journal of Management Studies, vol.37, issue.1, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-6486.00171

H. J. Scholl and S. Alawadhi, Creating Smart Governance: The key to radical ICT overhaul at the City of Munich, Information Polity, vol.21, issue.1, pp.21-42, 2016.
DOI : 10.3233/IP-150369

H. J. Scholl and R. Klischewski, E-Government Integration and Interoperability: Framing the Research Agenda, International Journal of Public Administration, vol.4, issue.8-9, pp.889-920, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/67933.67937

H. J. Scholl, H. Kubicek, R. Cimander, and R. Klischewski, Process integration, information sharing, and system interoperation in government: A comparative case analysis, Government Information Quarterly, vol.29, issue.3, pp.313-323, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.giq.2012.02.009

W. R. Scott, Institutions and Organizations. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2014.

M. Suchman, Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches, Academy of Management Review, vol.20, issue.3, pp.571-610, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/258788

D. Zheng, J. Chen, L. Huang, and C. Zhang, E-government adoption in public administration organizations: integrating institutional theory perspective and resource-based view, European Journal of Information Systems, vol.28, issue.1, pp.221-234, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpe.2008.07.023