Implementation of Industry 4.0 in Germany, Brazil and Portugal: Barriers and Benefits

. Industry 4.0 is a subject that has attracted the interests of researches worldwide for its ability to achieve productivity gains and to provide competitiveness to the companies. Although much research has been done on technical studies, little attention has been paid to the challenges that decision-makers, ex-ecutives and managers face to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0 in their companies. This research was based on secondary data, involving a research made with 246 companies in Brazil, 287 in Germany and 72 in Portugal, which studied the internal and external obstacles and expectations of these 605 companies. The originality and practical implication of this research is to compare these three countries, studying common and different points to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0, so researchers can conduct their studies to try to provide answers to practical expectations, linking research to practice.


Introduction
There has been a substantial increment in scientific publication on Industry 4.0 [1], attracting the interest of researchers from all over the world [2] by its capacity to provide flexibility and practical reconfigurable manufacturing systems, making possible mass customization processes [3,4].
Industry 4.0, the Digital transformation of the company, or the Digital manufacture, the new production paradigm [5,6], is based on interconnectivity, in which the important is the Internet, not only the computer [7,8], so the production line can exchange information and data online with supply chain, customers and other important stakeholders [9,10].Industry 4.0 was made possible by the integration of Information Technology (IT) and Automation Technology (AT) with Production supported by high technology, so humans and machines can interact with each other, bringing new possibilities to the companies to improve productivity and competitiveness.
The aim of Industry 4.0 is to generate value, establishing new business models, services and products, solving problems and increasing competitiveness by the interconnection of the internal and external environment of the companies [11 -13].
The objective of this study is to analyze the barriers and benefits that decision-makers, executives and managers from Germany, Brazil and Portugal face to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0 on their companies.

2
Literature Review

Barriers
A barrier can be defined as any system, operational organization or technical solution that minimizes the probability of occurring events and thus limits the consequences of such events [14].
A barrier can be understood as regulatory activities put in place to avoid loss of technical integrity or reduce possible consequences [15].

Benefits
Benefit has different concepts, which vary according to the perspective of analysis.Benefit can be understood as something that provides gains, advantages, is helpful, convenient or brings good effect or something of value [16,17], a positive result obtained by an action [18,19].

Digitization and Industry 4.0
Digitalization is the introduction of Internet-connected digital applications and technologies by companies, impacting relationship in a business network and the way value is created [20].Digitalization is the adoption of IT-based solutions using the Internet predominantly [20].Industry 4.0 and industrial digitalization are considered synonyms, being digitalization defined as the actions necessary to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0 [21].The technologies that support the concepts brought by Industry 4.0 can create intelligent systems that can reduce risks, lead time, costs, but the barriers to implement it can be enormous [22], and many companies are struggling to see the challenges and opportunities in relation to digital transformation [23].

Method
We used secondary data provided by a series of researches made by Siemens AG [24,25,26] in Germany, Brazil and Portugal about digitalization.The focus was to identify problems and expectations that decision-makers, executives and managers faced to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0 in their companies, the digital transformation of the companies, or the Digital manufacture.
The surveys were conducted in companies of all sizes and from all types of industries between 2014 and 2015, and no other recent surveys have been published so far from these countries by Siemens AG.
The surveys carried out among Siemens customers had also the intention to try to understand the complexity that digital transformation represents in the daily life of the companies.
Although the questionnaires were intended to be standardized, they had some differences among them, which made it impossible to take full advantage of them, so some parts had to be excluded for comparison and some parts had to be adapted.

Results and Discussion
Table 1 presents the size of the companies per county, which shows that except in Portugal, the majority of the 605 companies that collaborated with the surveys were of large size.Large companies were considered the ones with over 500 employees.Table 2 shows the position of the respondents, which presents that in Germany the majority of the respondents where from middle management.In Brazil and Portugal the number of top and middle managers were almost equilibrated.Portugal presented the great majority of the respondents from the C-level position.Participants were asked if they already had developed a structured digital strategy, whose results were displayed in Fig. 1.Curiously, the majority of affirmative answers were received by companies from Brazil (43%), followed by Portugal (35%), and Germany (19%).The majority of German companies (43%) informed that they do not have a digital strategy formulated, followed by Portuguese (33%) and Brazilian ones (29%).The majority of the companies from these three countries informed that the responsible for the implementation of the digital strategy was IT and/or IT & other departments, as illustrated in Fig. 2. It is worth mentioning that the implementation process of the concepts of Industry 4.0 in the company is a complex task that must be managed by the top executives, like the ISO 9000 standards, and other important projects.Delegate to IT a task of this magnitude represents a serious risk to the whole company, and showed that the top managers interviewed by this occasion did not have the understanding of the necessary changes in structure and strategy to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0.The respondents were asked about the challenges faced to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0 mentioned in the report (survey) as internal and external barriers.The internal barriers were presented in Table 3.Since companies could report more than one option, the sum can give greater than 100%.Brazilian companies informed that the structure and culture of the companies were the biggest internal barrier, followed by high operating costs (licenses, software and their updates).Germany companies reported that unclear benefits (lack of economic feasibility studies, etc.) represented the biggest internal barrier, followed by high operating costs and the necessity of financing the technologies and software.Portuguese companies informed the high operating costs and the necessity of financing the technologies and software representing the biggest internal barriers, followed by costs of further education / training.
The challenges represented by external barriers to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0 are shown in Table 4. Once again the sum can be more than 100% as multiple options are possible.Brazilian companies reported that data security was considered the main external barrier, followed by no tax advantage for the investments.
Germany companies revealed that the lack of technical standardization was the predominant concern, followed by data security and the lack of demand for Industry 4.0 from customers or suppliers.Portuguese companies informed that the principal external barrier was the absence of tax advantage for the investments, followed by the lack of technical standardization and data security.

Comparison of results
The majority of the respondents in Brazil and Portugal reported that they already had a structured strategy to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0, differently from Germany, where the majority informed that such strategy was lacking.In the accumulated of these three countries the respondents informed that they do not have a solid digital strategy.
These three countries had in common to delegate to IT the central responsibility for the implementation of Industry 4.0, not assessing the consequences of this decision.In total, the respondents of Brazil, Germany and Portugal see as main internal challenges the necessity of expensive investments in operating costs to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0, followed by the unclear benefits or lack of economic feasibility studies to guide the investments and the necessity of financing technologies / software required.Only in Brazil it was mentioned the absence of support from top management as an internal challenge.
The lack of technical standardization was reported as the main external challenge in these three countries, followed by the necessity of improvement of data security and the absence of tax advantage for the investments.The respondents in Brazil and Portugal informed that they feared competitors from other industries could be faster in the implementation process, and also that in these two countries they had not found the right partner to help them in this process.
These respondents hoped that Industry 4.0 could increase resource and energy efficiency, increase service processes, enhance decision making, provide greater transparency in business processes, strength synergies and / or collaboration, and be guided by a stronger orientation towards the customer.

Conclusion
This study involved 605 companies from three countries: Germany, Brazil and Portugal, which participated of a survey made by Siemens AG in order to evaluate the expectations and difficulties that these companies faced to implement Industry 4.0 or the Industrial digitalization concepts.
Although the research may appear old (Germany, 2014, Brazil 2015, and Portugal 2015), a limitation of this study, it is useful in terms of comparing three different countries with the common goal of implementing the concepts of Industry 4.0 in close time, and also see that some challenges still persists.
As internal challenges, the respondents of these three countries were afraid of having to invest in new operation lines, technology financing, culture / structure change, among others, not seeing clear economic benefits.Regarding the external challenges or barriers mentioned, there was the lack of technical standardization and data security.Despite the progress in these areas, the problem persists to this day.
The concepts of Industry 4.0 can help companies to increase international competitiveness in order to be more active and relevant on global markets to achieve important progress toward superior levels of competitiveness; however, for doing so, decisionmakers, executives and managers will face obstacles, risks, barriers but also opportunities and benefits.It is not an easy task, since it may be necessary to change structure or strategy, or both, involving high-magnitude restructurings in the middle of an environment full of uncertainties.
We hope the main challenges, or internal and external barriers of this study, can serve as a basis for future researches or special Congresses sections, so that academic studies can provide answers to relevant practical expectations, linking research to practice, where both win.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Central responsibility for the implementation of Industry 4.0.

Table 1 .
Size of the companies involved in the survey.

Table 2 .
Position of the respondents.

Table 3 .
Internal challenges to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0.

Table 4 .
External challenges to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0.