Intellect Modeling Kit

. The technology called Intellect Modeling was developed with idea of amplification of human intellect and as an alternative to traditional Artificial Intelligence. The goal is to assist human intellect on every step of its activity, accept human knowledge and develop new knowledge together with people. The activity of Intellect Modeling applications could be verified by human expert on every stage. Intellect Modeling Kit is an open-source project located at Sourceforge repositary http://sourceforge.net/projects/gkm-ekp .


Introduction
Intellect Modeling Kit (IMK) is a system for assisting intellectual activity during the following steps: 1. Observation -getting data and information The component gkmforms.execreates specialized site accessible with Web browser for interaction with user 2. Producing propositions, based on the knowledge The component gkm2017b.exeproduces propositions based on user input and internal e-knowledge 3. Selection and verification of the most appropriate propositions The specialized site for interaction with user created by component gkmforms.exeproduces ranged propositions list with detailed explanations 4. Memorizing -converting data to information and new knowledge item creation The component soz2017b.execreates e-knowledge database containing human knowledge that could be used on step 1

Abstraction findingbuilding artificial objects representing group of real objects, featuring typical signs of group
The component abs2017b.exeperforms tasks as Data Mining, Big Data and Natural Cluster Analysis to find groups of similar objects and regularities they are based on

IMK Components
IMK was developed as an alternative to traditional Artificial Intelligence.The goal is to assist human intellect on every step of its activity, accept human knowledge and develop new knowledge together with people.

IMK Interaction
The realization of IMK is based on idea of member of USSR Academy of Science M. N. Livanov that the essence of memory associations is a spatial-temporal coherence of narrow-band periodical oscillations of central neurons sets activity.Upon information input the list of propositions based on etalons supplied ranged by value.
The system assisting human expert's activity should comply with the following requirements described by Arthur Conan Doyle in Sherlock Holmes stories.
We would call it a knowledge machine.
Step 1 -Observation 1.A knowledge machine should have maximum possible information about a case before a judgment.
Step 2 -Producing propositions, based on knowledge 2. A knowledge machine should possess maximum possible knowledge in a sphere of implementation.3. A knowledge machine should possess no excessive knowledge, should have nothing but the tools which may help in doing work.4. Getting indication of the course of events, a knowledge machine should be able to guide itself by other similar cases which occur to its memory.5.A knowledge machine should have an ability to take into account not only descriptions of situations in its memory but results as well, providing a possibility to reconstruct a description from a result, i.e. if you told it a result, it would be able to evolve what the steps were which led up to that result.6. Possessing information about the great number of cases, a knowledge machine should have an ability to find a strong family resemblance about them, i.e. to find templates of typical cases.7. A knowledge machine should have an ability to explain the grounds of its conclusion.8.A knowledge machine should arrive at the conclusion for a few seconds after getting a description of case.9. A knowledge machine should focus on the most unusual in descriptions of situations.
Step 3 -Elimination of impossible propositions 10.A knowledge machine should have an ability to point out all impossible propositions.
Step 4 -Selection and verification of the most appropriate propositions 11.A knowledge machine should estimate a level of a confidence of its propositions.
The technologies of AI as expert systems and neural networks don't comply with these requirements.And it is a reason why human-AI interaction is complicated at the time.People hardly can trust AI propositions.
Expert system is based on the idea of decision tree, when, with every answer to a program's question, a direction of moving through a tree changes until a final leaf (decision) will be reached.
 So not all possible questions will be asked, and not maximum information will be received. The key elements are decision rules, but no knowledge itself.Not a word about the thousands of other similar cases, about typical cases. As we see, expert systems originally were designed to be deduction machines.But it is not very reliable to entrust to machine deciding what is absolutely impossible.We think that more fruitful approach is to show what reasons to consider some hypotheses as impossible.And only man should make the final decision.Neural network is based, as we know, on the idea of teaching of set of elements (neurons), controlling conductivity between them.
 A neural network cannot explain reasons of own conclusion in terms that people can understand.So it is very hard to verify its activity and, therefore, to believe.An expert system is an example of a 'top-down' approach when particular instances of intelligent behavior selected and an attempt to design machines that can replicate that behavior was made.A neural network is an example of 'bottom-up' approach when there is an attempt to study the biological mechanisms that underlie human intelligence and to build machines, which work on similar principles.
IMK technology complies with all 11 requirements and unites 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches.Any human knowledge written and spoken can be uploaded to IMK in a straight way by any expert not familiar with software coding.The IMK components are designed to create ready-to-use software application using simple text files edited by people.IMK assists intellectual activity, but does not replace people.

Building IMK Application
It is needed to prepare knowledge to be processed in a special human-like way.
Step I You should name the project usually using up to 8 symbols suitable for file name (for example, Renaissance Painting System may be named renais).Create a directory where system will reside, for example, d:\ renais.Copy there the development software soz2017b.exe.
Preliminarily, it is needed to remove from initial text all excessive information, keeping titles, exact descriptions of situations and recommendations.Please try to concentrate on ideas rather than on words.We propose to define 'idea' as a standard text directly defining a specific side of a situation.You should control appearance of synonymous ideas, carefully removing duplications.Resulting text, which may be used as example, in a case of painting information, is the following.
1. Hieronimus Bosch (Van Aken), 1450-1516, Netherlands - Every idea in a description of situation we call a sign.In principle, any sign can have a grade, for example, if a sign is 'Weight' it may have grades '1-Very low, 2-Low, 3-Mean, 4-High, 5-Very high'.But in existing human texts all signs have as a rule only one grade.It is very rare need to use sign with several grades.
Step II You should gather all signs from all descriptions of situations, eliminate duplicates, and number them pointing number of possible grades.You should make a file called, for example, renais.sgn of the following type.
Step III You should make a file called, for example, renais.stn,containing numbered titles of possible situations with numbers of corresponding signs and grades, where zero means end of list.If sign's grade is 1 than you may just place one more comma.It should look like the following.
1. Hieronimus Bosch (Van Aken), 1450-1516, Netherlands Step V You should make a file containing all propositions regarding identified situations.You should call it renais.prpand it should look like the following.
The first line of proposition is a title of situation from file renais.stnpreceding by '~' sign.After this proposition text goes.Please note that for Internet version of eknowledge system you may include any HTML tags into proposition text (references to pictures, multimedia, URL and so on).
~ 1. Hieronimus Bosch (Van Aken), 1450-1516, Netherlands ------------------------------------------------------Artist is pessimist Artist saw not enough God presence in man Picture is in tradition of illuminators Painter is wholly medieval Fish, pigs, all kind of animals assume human-like forms Great number of small figures Allegories with a moral purpose Savage irony, which gives a piquancy Scene look like a puppet play Facial expressions are childlishly naive Artist was incapable of dramatic effects Stressing everywhere the conflict between good and evil A picture presents itself as a sequence in time The browser K-Meleon could be used for accessing applications.To install browser file kmeleon.zipshould be unzipped into suitable directory, for example, d:\K-MeleonPortable. Start browser with command d:\K-MeleonPortable\K-MeleonPortable.exe.The initial page pointing to presented applications appears, for example, http://localhost:8000.

Natural Cluster Analysis
Have you ever tried to understand is there any sense in a significant amount of data?Did you use heavy mathematics to classify objects?Was it easy and convenient?Have you been satisfied with results?Amazingly, but human experts can do such a job without any mathematics.We call such persons experienced.They know not only facts but can explain relations between facts, set general cases and rules for their treatment.
Can we develop mathematics to simulate this?Let us try to solve the following problem with theoretical mathematics.We have 1000 cases with every case described by subset of parameters from a whole set of parameters with total number 1000.We want to find typical cases dividing all number of cases into groups of similar ones.
How we can do this?
We can place all cases into the database and try to query database with all possible subsets of parameters.This way we hope to find typical combinations of parameters and corresponding groups of cases.
What computing power we will need?
The most powerful supercomputer in the world of 2016 Tianhe-2 (54 PFLOPS) has the power of 6*10^16 FLOPS (Floating point operations per second).It is equal approximately to 2^50 FLOPS.Assume that we can do one query per one FLOP.In reality it takes much more.Total number of queries should be 2^1000.The time needed is (2^1000)/(2^50)=2^950, i.e. 10^300 seconds.This number is really greater than number of seconds in universe existence, i.e. 4.32*10^17.
But could we simulate human tactics?
The brain contains near 100 billion neurons, every one of them is a computer.They are working together in an organized way and it is impossible at the moment to build such a complex structure.
Is situation hopeless?
The brain is multi-floor building and what we know about intellect is higher floor expressed by words.Fortunately, number of verbal concepts and ideas used by people are limited and can be replicated by our computers.
How?If we could model intellectual activity based on verbal ideas, then we would have a chance to simulate human experience.
The central point of this is ability of human brain to find similar objects descriptions inside memory.The brain can do it almost instantly.
The IMK technology may be used to simulate this activity.With this technology it is possible to model expert evaluation of situation based on human knowledge doing grouping/categorization.Every object from set should belong to at least one group.And all objects in group should be similar.
We can start the following procedure.With General Knowledge Machine we try to find for every object sets of similar objects in a chosen range of similarity limits and compute signs typical for thus found groups with a given frequency of occurrence.After that we build groups of objects containing all or almost all found signs.This way we have number of compound iterations equal to a number of initial objects.And the time needed is moderate, usually hours.
It is possible that not all groups can be found this way but many of them could.And we have a possibility to set some signs as obligatory that provides very convenient thing.For example, we can set as obligatory signs treatment and result for a number of patients.And then we could see groups of typical patients having predefined treatment and result.

Conclusion and Perspectives
Some people say about a crisis of crisis of human intellect?Of course, not.May be it's a crisis of human self-confidence.In the beginning there were many promises to built machines more intelligent than people.And those machines should use advanced principles of work, much better than obsolete human intellect [5].Instead of help to human intellect there were attempts to replace it.But those, who read works of academician V. Vernadsky from Ukraine [6], E. Le Roy [7] and P. Teilhard de Chardin from France [8], know that the main result of evolution on Earth is creation of Noosphere -a sphere of intellect.And, in this case, it is very interesting what can be called an intellect, but is based on other principles than developed by evolution?

6 Results
\gfortran4\bin.Change directory to chosen one.Issue commands: gfortran soz2017b.f-o soz2017b.exegfortran gkm2017b.f-o gkm2017b.exegfortran abs2017b.f-o abs2017b.exeUnzip Free Basic sources *.bas to selected directory with compiler binary like d:\FreeBASIC-1.04.0-win32.Change directory to chosen one.Issue command: fbc -w all gkmforms.bas2.Early versions of General Knowledge Machine were developed for UNIX, MS-DOS, Windows operating systems.The latest version supports all platforms of GNU compiler options (any Windows, Linux, UNIX ...).There are working products which can be presented to experts in corresponding areas.Products were tested in various environmentsbusiness, medicine, arts.Papers were published in Russia, Italy and UK.The work was featured in the 2006-2007 Edition of the Marquis Who's Who in Science and Engineering as a pioneer research.
The activity of IMK could be verified by human expert on every stage.IMK includes the following objects:  v2017b.zipsources of components soz2017b.f,gkm2017b.f,abs2017b.f,gkmforms.bas,gkminter.php,settings, ini and dat files, binaries for Windows and Linux, pictures and icons. renais.zipsourcesfor ELECTRONIC KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM ON RENAISSANCE PAINTING  gestures.zipsourcesfor ELECTRONIC KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM ON LANGUAGE OF GESTURES  avitamin.zipsourcesfor ELECTRONIC KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM ON AVITAMINOSIS  gfortran4.zipportablecompiler of GNU Fortran v4.7 for Windows with IMK sources in bin directory  freebas.zipportablecompiler of Free Basic v1.04 for Windows with IMK sources  geany.zipportableIDE for Windows for Fortran, Basic and PHP  kmeleon.zipportablebrowser for Windows K-Meleon  xampp.zipportableenvironment for Windows supporting Apache Web In this questionnaire you should group questions regardless of its numbers.It is allowed to include additional explanations, if needed.Format of chapter's title is '== Title', format of sign's number is 'NNNN~' (for example ' 11~') and format of sign's grade is 'NN~'.You should make a file called, for this example, renais.que of the following type.
IMK supplied with sources and binaries for Windows and Linux.Portable Windows GNU Fortran gfortran4.zipand Free Basic compilers freebas.zipare included.Universal Windows IDE GEANY is included in geany.zip.