Foji lingxiang zhi bei Wanli 10 (1582), carved with the footprints of ??kyamuni, in a niche of the st?pa (south side) ,
Jiaqing 3 (1798), commemorates miraculous lights that appeared above Mañju?r?'s Hair St?pa in 1797, pp.37-38, 1996. ,
Zheng Sen 1987: 28; Wutai xianzhi, pp.213-218, 1942. ,
1884) in front of the lokap?las hall; -Two donation steles dated Guangxu 14 (1888) (text in WTSYJ 1997-1, 57) and Minguo, 1917. ,
39, 43; Wutai xianzhi, Zheng Lin, pp.245-247, 1942. ,
Blue' monasteries of the late Qing period. © Isabelle Charleux flying across the sky and landing in the village. The villagers erected a st?pa using this upper part. Later a statue of Mañju?r? or Avalokite?vara in nanmu ?? wood was carved to 'fix' the summit of the st?pa, so that it would not fly off somewhere else ,
Zahuaan bei " ????; -A Chinese stele dated Kangxi, Ta'ergou Zahuaan bei " ??????? (text in Zhou Zhuying, pp.40-73, 1711. ,
juan 7: 87; Chen Xingya 1936: 39-40; Ono Katsutoshi and Hibino Takao 1942: 243-244, 321, pl. 46; Gao Henian, Lamotte, vol.1960, issue.208 24, pp.22-25, 1928. ,
Encounter between Mañju?r? with Buddhap?lita, cave no. 61, southern section of the western wall, Dunhuang (Mogaoku), Gansu Province, late tenth century. (Right) Entrance of the Boresi, Jingangku. © Ono Katsutoshi and Hibino, pp.78-87, 1942. ,
Detail of the 1846 Cifusi map, print preserved in Güden süme, Jaya-yin küriye, Tsetserleg, Republic of Mongolia, 2009. ,
Seven Immortals Cave) on the way between Pusading and the Central Terrace (description in Li Xiangzhi, 1932. ,
1892]: juan 57, 4117; Zhang Yuanji and Zhuang Yu 1925: pl. 29; Tokiwa Daij? and Sekino Tadashi 1928: 29, pl. 16, pp.145-150, 1932. ,
Eight Daoist Immortals; behind was a 500-meter dark corridor leading to a chamber with three stone 'natural' Buddhas (i.e., not man-made) and many statues. The sounds of water and wind echoed in the grotto because of a crack in the stone: it was said that the cave communicated with Zhenhaisi's haiyan and allowed water to flow through it, 1932. ,
Main Travelers to Wutaishan Who Left Records in the Qing and Republican Periods The main records are in bold letters. Travelers are listed by the date of their visit, and their traveling accounts are in brackets ,
1613-1682), literati and poet known for his anticlerical and anti-Manchu views, 1956. ,
1644-1703), literati, minister, and private secretary of Emperor Kangxi. He accompanied the emperor on his first tour to Wutaishan, 1700. ,
Vice Minister of the Right Wing (you shilang ???) at the Ministry of Justice, leading scholar and poet. He traveled with Emperor Qianlong on his sixth visit, pp.1725-1806, 1792. ,
Scottish Protestant missionary who served with the London Missionary Society (Gilmour 1970 [1883] and 1893) He traveled with the British Protestant missionary, sinologist, linguist and philologist Rev, Dr. Joseph Edkins (1823-1905), and Dr. Wheeler, agent for the American Bible Society in China, pp.1843-1891, 1878. ,
Russian explorer, ethnographer and folklorist, who traveled in Shanxi with Augustus I. Skassi, 1835. ,
attaché to the Russian diplomatic mission of Beijing, and Fellow of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society ,
Russian Army officer on a mission of exploration through Central Asia and Northern China, who would later become statesman and president of Finland, 1867. ,
1866-1933), professor at Beijing University, geographer and Buddhist layman from, Jiangsu, 1911. ,
1864-1935), missionary and scholar (Hackman, 1912. ,
Chinese lay Buddhist famous for having popularized meditation practices, and author of books on Buddhism and Buddhist studies (Jiang Weiqiao, 1872. ,
Lewis Hodous (1872-1949), American missionary to China ,
1875-1937), female Buddhist lay practitioner who in the same year set up an academy for female Buddhists in, Macau and Hong Kong. She traveled to Wutaishan with her husband He Dong Jueshi ?? ?? (He Zhang Lianjue, 1934. ,
1882-1959) (Chen Xingya, 1936. ,
British scholar of Asian religions. He was a disciple of Master Xuyun and was trained in Chan meditation as well as in Vajray?na teachings, pp.1935-1936, 1913. ,
Japanese historians of China (Ono Katsutoshi and Hibino Takao, 1942. ,
the supreme lama Mañju?r? who, with a body of one that produces [light] to illuminate the brilliant interstices of the Three Realms [the realms of desire, of form, and the formless realm], who shows [himself in] the appearance of the Threefold Body, [and before the one who] unites [in himself] the essence of the Triple Gem [the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha] In the Huayanjing 5 it is said In a land northeast of here there is a certain place called the 'Cool and Pure Mountains.' In the future 6 many bodhisattvas [will] reside there. Now the Holy Mañju?r? bodhisattva, together with a retinue of ten thousand companion bodhisattvas, dwells there and preaches the Dharma Also, from the [Mañju?r? dharma] ratnagarbha dh?ra?? s?tra, [before] he passed away [Buddha] proclaimed to King Jingang miji (Vajrap??i): " After my parinirv?na, on the northeastern edge of Jambudv?pa [the Rose Apple Continent there is a place named Five-Peak Mountain When he preaches the Dharma for the sake of all sentient beings, innumerable deities (tngri, lit. 'skies') and n?gas [water snake deities] of the Eight Classes, together with their retinues, pay homage and give offerings to him, this place dwells the youthful Mañju?r? ,
Monk (gelüng) Lhunrub, the engraver, from the Sengge Department [of] the ?abi (estate) 9 of the Holy Jecündamba of Yeke Küriye (Urga), the master of donations, with complete faith have carved [this map] in the treasury of Asaraltu buyantu süme [i.e., Cifusi] and offered it, Blessings! make a statue at the foot of Guanyindong Hill, consecrating statues at Shifangtang, and receiving a consultation at the Tibetan clinic of Shifangtang or Guanyindong ,
Khejok Rinpoché's guide advises Tibetan pilgrims to visit nineteen sites within three days plus the Five Terraces, which means spending about ten to thirty minutes in every monastery. A Tibetan guidebook summarized by Duan Jinjin (2008: 78) lists nine places for Tibetan pilgrims to see: 1) the Five Terraces; 2) N?ray??a Cave; 3) Jingangku; 4) Shancaidong and its charnel ground; 5) Qingliangsi; 6) Pusading; 7) the Great White St?pa; 8) Buddha's footprint at the Great White St?pa; 9) Mañju?r?'s Hair St?pa, 1999. ,
1736: Lao-zang-que-pei ? ? ? ? (bLo-bzang chos-'phel) (he is mentioned in the 1726 stele of restoration of the Faxiangsi/Tiewasi as Luo-zang-chenpen ????, cf, pp.1726-57, 1998. ,
1760s: Gai-li-chen-pian-er ????? 11 ,
A-wang-qing-ba ???? 17 Zhang-yang-mo-la ???? 18. Shao-ba-chun-zhu ???? 19. Long-ba-que-pei ???? 20. A-wang-sang-bu ???? 21. Jia-chan-sang-bu ???? 22. 1919-1936: Luo-sang-ba-sang ???? (< bLo-bzang dpal-sangs, 1882-1955), a Tor?uud Mongol (see Fischer 1923: 98) 23, 1936. ,
The Sacred Mountains of China: A Trip to, The China Journal, vol.22, issue.3, pp.114-121, 1935. ,
Mongolyn burkhany shashny tüükhend kholbogdokh Utain tukhai zarim medee " [Some informations about Utai in relation to the history of Mongol Buddhism], Studia Historica Instituti Historiae Academiae Scientiarum Mongoli, vol.32, pp.138-148, 2000. ,
Beixin Guyue du zhongsheng " ??????? [Life of Beixin Guyue]. Wutaishan yanjiu ?????, pp.26-28, 2002. ,
Tales of Conjured Temples (huasi) in Qing Period Mountain Gazetteers, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, vol.6, pp.134-162, 2011. ,
Lu Yu Jin sansheng zhi ?????? [Annals of three provinces: Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi] Beijing: Beiping shifan daxue shidixi (Zhonghua Minguo shengqu quan zhi ????????, Shanxisheng zhi " ????. ? Reed. Beijing: Zhongyang dixueshe, 1925. ,
Tayuansi beiwen " ? ? ? ? ? [Stone inscriptions of Tayuansi]. Wutaishan yanjiu, pp.32-44, 1996. ,
Biography of Rol-pa'i rdo-rje: Thu'u-bkwan blo-bzang chos-kyi nyi-ma (1737-1802) Khyab bdag rdo rje sems dpa'i ngo bo dpal ldan bla ma dam pa ye shes bstan pa'i sgron me dpal bzang po'i rnam par thar pa mdo tsam brjod pa dge ldan bstan pa'i mdzes rgyan [A beautiful ornament of the virtuous (Gélukpa) teachings: A brief exposition of the complete liberation story of the embodiement of the master Vajrasattva, the glorious holy lama, Yeshes bstan-pa'i sgron-me dpal-bzang-po (The glorious and pure, Collected Works of Thu'u-bkwan blo-bzang chos-kyi nyi-ma, pp.1792-1794, 1989. ,
Studies on the Mysteries of Mañju?r?: A Group of East Asian Ma??alas and their Traditional Symbolism. Boulder (Col.): Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (Monograph, 1983. ,
The Festival of the Sacred Mountain, China Journal, vol.28, pp.25-37, 1938. ,
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Shifangtang " ???. Wutaishan yanjiu, pp.23-25, 1999. ,
On a Five-Colored Cloud: The Songs of Mount Wutai, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol.124, issue.4, pp.735-757, 2004. ,
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Wou-t'ai-chan, Northern China, the Valley of the Blue River, pp.163-166, 1912. ,
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Jin Cha Sui youji ????? [Travel record in Shanxi, Cha(khar), and Sui(yuan]]. Beijing: Beiping jingcheng yinshuju, 1936. ,
Ineffable Paths: Mapping Wutaishan in Qing Dynasty China, The Art Bulletin, vol.89, issue.1, pp.108-129, 2007. ,
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Wutaishan: Pilgrimage to Five Peak Mountain, Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, vol.6, pp.1-133, 2011. ,
Nei Menggu lamajiao shi ??????? [History of 'Lamaism' in Inner Mongolia, 1998. ,
Dam-chos rgya-mtsho Dharmat?la) Rosary of White Lotuses, Being the Clear Account of How the Precious Teaching of Buddha Appeared and Spread in the Great Hor Country, transl. from Tibetan and annotated by Piotr Klafkowski, 1889. ,
Tibetan Elemental Divination Paintings, Illuminated Manuscripts from the White Beryl with the Moonbeams Treatise of Lo-chen Dharmashri, commentary and translation by Gyurme Dorje, 2001. ,
Wutaishan yu Zangchuan fojiao shengji " ?????????? [Wutaishan and sacred historical sites of Tibetan Buddhism], Xizang daxue xuebao ??? ???, pp.75-78, 2008. ,
Religion in China; Containing a Brief Account of the Three Religions of the Chinese: With Observations on the Prospects of Christian Conversion Amongst that People, p.1893, 1878. ,
Mongolian Manuscripts in Washington, Central Asiatic Journal, vol.1, pp.161-218, 1955. ,
The Sacred Wu Tai Shan in Connection with Modern Travel from Tai yuan fu via Mount Wu Tai to the Mongolian Border, 1923. ,
Great dictionary of Buddhism (compiled by) the Foguang (Academy)]. 1989: Taipei: Taiwan foguang shan chubanshe, 1989. ,
Ming shan youfang ji ????? [Record of visits to famous mountains]. Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe, 1949. ,
Bishansi jianzhu yu suxiang gaishu " ?????????? [Architecture and painted sculptures of Bishansi]. Wutaishan yanjiu, pp.9-12, 1996. ,
Yuanzhaosi jianzhu yu suxiang gaishu " ?????????? [Architecture and painted sculptures of Yuanzhaosi, pp.24-29, 1997. ,
Hucong xixun rilu " ?????? [Daily record of following in the retinue of Kangxi's Western Tour], 27 fol, Qingyin tangji ? ???, ca. 1700? Ed. Siku quanshu Taibei: Xin wenfeng chuban gongsi, pp.1644-1703, 1989. ,
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Expanded record of Clear and Cold] 1060, By Yanyi ??. T, vol.51, pp.1101-1127, 2099. ,
Nanshansi jianzhu yu suxiang gaishu, Architecture and painted sculptures of Nanshansi]. Wutaishan yanjiu ?????, pp.20-25, 1997. ,
A German Scholar in the East: Travel Scenes and Reflections, transl. from German by Daisie Rommel, 1912. ,
Mirrors of the Void. Buddhist Art in the National Museum of Finland, p.63, 1987. ,
The cave and the womb world, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol.10, issue.2-3, pp.149-176, 1983. ,
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Ming shan youji ???? [Record of travels to famous mountains]. Hong Kong: Donglian jueyuan (preface dated 1933, pp.67-73, 1934. ,
Die Pekinger lamaistischen Blockdrucke in mongolischer Sprache Materialien zur mongolischen Literaturgeschichte, 1954. ,
Visualizing Pilgrimage And Mapping Experience: Mount Wutai On The Silk Road, The Journey of Maps and Images on the Silk Road, pp.29-50, 2008. ,
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Jarli?-iyar to?ta?a?san ?ada?adu Mong?ul qotung ayima?-un vang güng-üd-ün iledkel ?astir-un qorin ?urabdu?ar debter, pp.1779-1789, 1998. ,
Menggu huibu wanggong biaozhuan ???????? [Genealogical tables and biographies of princes and dukes of the Mongol and Türkic tribes] 1, Bao Wenhan ?? ? and Qi Chaoketu ????, 1998. ,
Selections from the Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Polymath: Chankya Rolpe Dorje (Lcang skya rol pa'i rdo rje, pp.1717-1786, 2006. ,
Wu-Ta'i-Shan and the Dalai Lama, The New China Review, pp.151-163, 1919. ,
Wutaishan jiyou ????? [Travel record to Wutaishan], juan 10, pp.50-65, 1872. ,
Az Öt-ormú hegy leírása, 2008. ,
The Mongol and Manchu Manuscripts and Blockprints in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó Books of the Mongolian Nomads. More than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian, 2000. ,
Why Did the Kangxi Emperor Go to Wutai Shan?: Patronage, Pilgrimage, and the Place of Tibetan Buddhism at the Early Qing Court, Late Imperial China, vol.29, issue.1, pp.73-119, 2008. ,
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Catalogue of the Laufer Mongolian Collections in Chicago, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol.86, issue.2, pp.156-183, 1966. ,
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The Question of Nicodemus Studia Altaica. Festschrift für Nikolaus Poppe zum 60. Geburtstag am 8, pp.95-99, 1957. ,
Qianlong huangdi xiaochaotai de difang Dailuoding " ????? ???????? [Dailuoding, the place of the 'small pilgrimage' of emperor Qianlong, 2006. ,
Wutaishan wenwu guji ??????? [Cultural heritage of Wutaishan]. Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2003. ,
Lama Ge-sang " ????. Minzu tuanjie ????, pp.38-39, 1994. ,
Wutaishan youji ????? [Travel record of Wutaishan], 1932. ,
Dailuoding " ???. Wutaishan yanjiu, pp.38-68, 1993. ,
Pilgrimage to Wutaishan, the Sacred Mountain of Manjushri Based mainly on information given by Khejok Rinpoché during a pilgrimage to Wutaisan led by Rinpoché in 1999; website of the Buddhist International Alliance: http://www.b-ia, 1999. ,
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Across Asia from West to East in 1906-1908, Anthropological publications, 1940. ,
Meng Zang fojiao shi ????? [History of Tibeto-Mongol Buddhism], 1935, 7 juan, Yangzhou: Jiangsu Guangling guji keyinshe, 1935. ,
Mergen-i bayasqa?ci ca?an teüke: Ala?a qosi?un-u bara?un güng-ün iledkel ?astir [White history that rejoices the sages: Report of the Western Duke of Ala?an Banner]. Höhhot: Öbür mong?ul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya, 1942. ,
Pusading de jianzhu yu suxiang tedian " ???? ??????? [Architecture and painted sculptures of Pusading, pp.18-27, 1996. ,
The Nine Sacred Mountains of China: An Illustrated Record of Pilgrimages Made in the Years 1935-1936, 1973. ,
Luohousi guanjia Suonadaerji " ?????????? [Suo-na-daer-ji , intendant of Luohousi, pp.21-22, 1998. ,
Dwangs bsil ri bo rtse lnga'i gnas bshad [Pilgrimage guide to the Clear and Cool Five Peak Mountain]. Beijing: Krung-go'i bod rig dpe skrun khang, 2007. ,
Les Derniers barbares, 1911. ,
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Sinica-Sonderausgabe Unkrig of two chapters (p. 47-116) of U-taj. Ego pro?loe i nastoja??ee, U-taj (Zapiski Imp Saint Petersourg, Russk. Geogr. Ob??estva po ob??ej geografii, vol.22, issue.2, pp.38-89, 1893. ,
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Chinese lama Lao-zang-dan-ba, third jasa? da lama of Wutaishan, 1694, 10 juan, with a preface by Lao-zang-dan-ba. ? 1 st emended reprint by the Palace Publishing House in 1701 with an imperial preface, 1985. ,
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