C. Beaumont, R. Jamieson, M. Nguyen, and S. Medvedev, Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.6, issue.6, p.6406, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JB000861

R. Bendick and L. Flesch, Reconciling lithospheric deformation and lower crustal flow beneath central Tibet, Geology, vol.35, issue.10, pp.895-898, 2007.
DOI : 10.1130/G23714A.1

W. Brace and D. Kohlstedt, Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.59, issue.6, pp.6248-6252, 1980.
DOI : 10.1029/JB085iB11p06248

C. Braitenberg, Y. Wang, J. Fang, and H. Hsu, Spatial variations of flexure parameters over the Tibet???Quinghai plateau, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.205, issue.3-4, pp.211-224, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01042-7

F. Brezzi and M. Fortin, Mixed and Hybrid Finite Elements Methods, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3172-1

L. Brown, Bright Spots, Structure, and Magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH Seismic Reflection Profiling, Science, vol.274, issue.5293, pp.1688-1691, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5293.1688

E. Burov and M. Diament, ) of continental lithosphere: What does it really mean?, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.95, issue.suppl. 1, pp.3905-3927, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/94JB02770

W. Chen and S. Ozalaybey, Correlation between seismic anisotropy and Bouguer gravity anomalies in Tibet and its implications for lithospheric structures, Geophysical Journal International, vol.135, issue.1, pp.93-101, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00611.x

M. Clark and L. Royden, Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow, Geology, vol.28, issue.8, pp.703-706, 2000.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<703:TOBTEM>2.0.CO;2

A. Copley and D. Kenzie, Models of crustal flow in the India-Asia collision zone, Geophysical Journal International, vol.169, issue.2, pp.683-698, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03343.x

N. Cotte, H. Pedersen, M. Campillo, J. Mars, J. Ni et al., Determination of the crustal structure in southern Tibet by dispersion and amplitude analysis of Rayleigh waves, Geophys, J. Int, vol.138, pp.809-819, 1999.

P. Decelles, D. Robinson, and G. Zandt, Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, vol.281, issue.48, p.1062, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001TC001322

E. Fielding, B. Isacks, M. Barazangi, and C. Duncan, How flat is Tibet? Geology, pp.163-167, 1994.

L. Flesch, A. J. Haines, and W. Holt, Dynamics of the India-Eurasia collision zone, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.42, issue.545, pp.16-435, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JB000208

L. Flesch, W. Holt, P. Silver, M. Stephenson, C. Wang et al., Constraining the extent of crust???mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS, geologic, and shear wave splitting data, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.238, issue.1-2, pp.248-268, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.023

M. Fortin and R. Glowinski, Augmented Lagrangian Methods, Applications to the Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems, 1983.

S. Haines, S. Klemperer, L. Brown, J. Guo, J. Mechie et al., INDEPTH III seismic data: From surface observations to deep crustal processes in Tibet, Tectonics, vol.145, issue.46, 1001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001TC001305

G. Hirth and D. Kohlstedt, Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.144, issue.1-2, pp.93-108, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00154-9

P. Hood and C. Taylor, A numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations using the finite element technique, Comput. Fluids, vol.1, pp.73-100, 1973.

G. Houseman and P. England, Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 1. Method and general results for convergent zones, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.79, issue.B3, pp.3651-3663, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/JB091iB03p03651

W. Huang, Seismic polarization anisotropy beneath the central Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.23, issue.B12, pp.979-1006, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JB900339

J. Jackson, H. Austrheim, D. Kenzie, and K. Priestley, Metastability, mechanical strength, and the support of mountain belts, Geology, vol.32, issue.7, pp.625-628, 2004.
DOI : 10.1130/G20397.1

Y. Jin, M. Mcnutt, and Y. Zhu, Mapping the descent of Indian and Eurasian plates beneath the Tibetan Plateau from gravity anomalies, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.6, issue.B5, pp.275-286, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JB00531

R. Kind, Seismic Images of Crust and Upper Mantle Beneath Tibet: Evidence for Eurasian Plate Subduction, Science, vol.298, issue.5596, pp.1219-1221, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1078115

S. Klemperer, Crustal flow in Tibet: geophysical evidence for the physical state of Tibetan lithosphere, and inferred patterns of active flow, in Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion, and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, pp.39-70, 2006.

H. Lyon-caen and P. Molnar, Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian Plate, and the structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and Ganga Basin, Tectonics, vol.44, issue.3, pp.513-538, 1985.
DOI : 10.1029/TC004i006p00513

A. Maggi, J. Jackson, D. Kenzie, and K. Priestley, Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere, Geology, vol.28, issue.6, pp.495-498, 2000.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<495:EFDEET>2.0.CO;2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00121500

J. Masek, B. Isacks, and E. Fielding, Rift flank uplift in Tibet: Evidence for a viscous lower crust, Tectonics, vol.366, issue.43, pp.659-667, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94TC00452

M. Kenzie and D. , Estimating T e in the presence of internal loads, J. geophys. Res, vol.102, p.2438, 2003.

M. Kenzie, D. Jackson, and J. , Conditions for flow in the lower crust, pp.10-1029, 2002.

M. Kenzie, D. Nimmo, F. Jackson, J. Gans, P. Miller et al., Characteristics and consequences of flow in the lower crust, J. geophys. Res, vol.105, issue.11, pp.29-40, 2000.

M. Kenzie, D. Jackson, J. Priestley, and K. , Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere, Earth planet. Sci. Lett, vol.233, pp.337-349, 2005.

D. Mcnamara, T. Owens, P. Silver, and F. Wu, Shear wave anisotropy beneath the Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.74, issue.43, pp.655-668, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/93JB03406

D. Mcnamara, T. Owens, and W. Walter, Observations of regional phase propagation across the Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.115, issue.17, pp.215-237, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JB01863

B. Meade, Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone, Geology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.81-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1130/G22924A.1

R. Meissner and N. Kusznir, Crustal viscosity and the reflectivity of the lower crust, Ann. Geophysicae, Ser. B, vol.5, pp.365-373, 1987.

R. Meissner, F. Tilmann, and S. Haines, About the lithospheric structure of central Tibet, based on seismic data from the INDEPTH III profile, Tectonophysics, vol.380, issue.1-2, pp.1-25, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2003.11.007

S. Mitra, K. Priestley, A. Bhattacharyya, and V. Gaur, Crustal structure and earthquake focal depths beneath northeastern India and southern Tibet, Geophysical Journal International, vol.160, issue.1, pp.227-248, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02470.x

T. Owens and G. Zandt, Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution, nature, vol.387, issue.6628, pp.37-43, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/387037a0

A. Ozacar and G. Zandt, Crustal seismic anisotropy in central Tibet: Implications for deformational style and flow in the crust, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.145, issue.4, pp.31-23601, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2002TC001361

L. Royden, Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: Implications for strain partitioning in the crust, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.77, issue.3, pp.679-696, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JB00951

E. Sandvol, J. Ni, R. Kind, and W. Zhao, Seismic anisotropy beneath the southern Himalayas-Tibet collision zone, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.23, issue.46, pp.17-813, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JB01424

P. Saramito, N. Roquet, and J. Etienne, RHEOLEF opensource free software, 2006.

N. Shapiro and M. Ritzwoller, Monte-Carlo inversion for a global shear-velocity model of the crust and upper mantle, Geophysical Journal International, vol.151, issue.1, pp.88-105, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01742.x

P. Tapponnier, Z. Xu, F. Roger, B. Meyer, N. Arnaud et al., Oblique Stepwise Rise and Growth of the Tibet Plateau, Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau, pp.1671-1677, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.105978

W. Thatcher, Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.6, issue.B4, p.1401, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JB004244

F. Tilmann, J. Ni, . Indepth, . Iii-seismic, and . Team, Seismic Imaging of the Downwelling Indian Lithosphere Beneath Central Tibet, Seismic imaging of the downwelling Indian lithosphere beneath Central Tibet, pp.1424-1427, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1082777

O. Vanderhaeghe, S. Medvedev, P. Fullsack, C. Beaumont, and R. Jamieson, Evolution of orogenic wedges and continental plateaux: insights from crustal thermal-mechanical models overlying subducting mantle lithosphere, Geophysical Journal International, vol.153, issue.1, pp.39-61, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01861.x

W. Wei, Detection of Widespread Fluids in the Tibetan Crust by Magnetotelluric Studies, Science, vol.292, issue.5517, pp.716-718, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1010580

X. Yuan, J. Ni, R. Kind, J. Mechie, and E. Sandvol, Lithospheric and upper mantle structure of southern Tibet from a seismological passive source experiment, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.85, issue.441, pp.27-491, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JB02379

P. Zhang, Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data, Geology, vol.32, issue.9, pp.809-812, 2004.
DOI : 10.1130/G20554.1

W. Zhao, Crustal structure of central Tibet as derived from project??INDEPTH wide-angle seismic data, Geophysical Journal International, vol.145, issue.2, pp.486-498, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01402.x