N. Ayache and E. , Computational Models for the Human Body, ser. Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 2004.

T. Katila, I. Magnin, P. Clarysse, J. Montagnat, and J. Nenonen, Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart (FIMH'01), " in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2001.

I. Magnin, J. Montagnat, P. Clarysse, J. Nenonen, and T. Katila, Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart (FIMH'03), " in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003.

R. Macleod, B. Yilmaz, B. Taccardi, B. Punske, Y. Serinagaolu et al., Direct and inverse methods for cardiac mapping using multielectrode catheter measurernents, Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, vol.46, issue.s2, pp.207-209, 2001.
DOI : 10.1515/bmte.2001.46.s2.207

O. Faris, F. Evans, D. Ennis, P. Helm, J. Taylor et al., Novel Technique for Cardiac Electromechanical Mapping with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tagging and an Epicardial Electrode Sock, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.31, issue.4, pp.430-440, 2003.
DOI : 10.1114/1.1560618

S. Masood, G. Yang, D. Pennell, and D. Firmin, Investigating intrinsic myocardial mechanics: The role of MR tagging, velocity phase mapping, and diffusion imaging, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.42, issue.6, pp.873-883, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2586(200012)12:6<873::AID-JMRI10>3.0.CO;2-J

P. Kilner, G. Yang, A. Wilkes, R. Mohiaddin, D. Firmin et al., Asymmetric redirection of flow through the heart, Nature, vol.404, issue.6779, pp.759-761, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35008075

K. Rhode, M. Sermesant, D. Brogan, S. Hegde, J. Hipwell et al., A system for real-time XMR guided cardiovascular intervention, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.24, issue.11, pp.1428-1440, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2005.856731

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615663

A. Mcculloch, J. Bassingthwaighte, P. Hunter, D. Noble, T. Blundell et al., Computational biology of the heart: from structure to function, Prog. Biophy. Mol. Biol, vol.69, issue.23, pp.151-559, 1998.

P. Hunter, A. Pullan, and B. Smaill, Modeling Total Heart Function, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol.5, issue.1, pp.147-177, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121537

L. Xia and M. Huo, Analysis of ventricular wall motion based on an electromechanical biventricular model, Computers in Cardiology . Piscataway, pp.315-318, 2003.

D. Noble, Modeling the Heart, Physiology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.191-197, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/physiol.00004.2004

M. Sermesant, Y. Coudière, H. Delingette, N. Ayache, J. Sainte-marie et al., Progress towards model-based estimation of the cardiac electromechanical activity from ECG signals and 4D images, Proc. Modeling & Simulation for Computer-aided Medicine and Surgery (MS4CMS'02) ESAIM Proceedings, pp.153-161, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/proc:2002026

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615927

V. Moreau-villéger, H. Delingette, M. Sermesant, H. Ashikaga, O. Faris et al., Building maps of local apparent conductivity of the epicardium with a 2-D electrophysiological model of the heart, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol.53, issue.8, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TBME.2006.877794

A. Frangi, W. Niessen, and M. Viergever, Three-dimensional modeling for functional analysis of cardiac images, a review, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.20, issue.1, pp.2-25, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/42.906421

A. Frangi, D. Rueckert, and J. Duncan, New Trends in Three- Dimensional Cardiac Image Analysis, IEEE Trans. Med. Imag, vol.21, issue.9, 2003.

T. Mcinerney and D. Terzopoulos, Deformable models in medical image analysis: a survey, Medical Image Analysis, vol.1, issue.2, pp.91-108, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(96)80007-7

J. Montagnat and H. Delingette, A review of deformable surfaces: topology, geometry and deformation, Image and Vision Computing, vol.19, issue.14, pp.1023-1040, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0262-8856(01)00064-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615110

O. Gérard, A. Collet-billon, J. Rouet, M. Jacob, M. Fradkin et al., Efficient model-based quantification of left ventricular function in 3-D echocardiography, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1059-1068, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2002.804435

M. Kaus, J. Von-berg, J. Weese, W. Niessen, and V. Pekar, Automated segmentation of the left ventricle in cardiac MRI, Medical Image Analysis, vol.8, issue.3, pp.245-254, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.media.2004.06.015

G. Sanchez-ortiz, G. Wright, N. Clarke, J. Declerck, A. Banning et al., Automated 3-D echocardiography analysis compared with manual delineations and SPECT MUGA, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1069-1076, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2002.804434

T. Cootes and C. Taylor, <title>Statistical models of appearance for medical image analysis and computer vision</title>, Medical Imaging 2001: Image Processing, pp.236-248, 2001.
DOI : 10.1117/12.431093

G. Hamarneh, T. Gustavsson, B. Lelieveldt, S. Mitchell, J. Bosch et al., Deformable spatio-temporal shape models: extending active shape models to 2D+time, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Proceedings of Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI'01), pp.461-470, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imavis.2003.11.009

M. Mignotte, J. Meunier, and J. Tardif, Endocardial Boundary E timation and Tracking in Echocardiographic Images using Deformable Template and Markov Random Fields, Pattern Analysis & Applications, vol.4, issue.4, pp.256-271, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00010988

G. Jacob, J. Noble, C. Behrenbruch, A. Kelion, and A. Banning, A shape-space-based approach to tracking myocardial borders and quantifying regional left-ventricular function applied in echocardiography, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.21, issue.3, pp.226-238, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/42.996341

M. Jolly, N. Duta, and G. Funka-lea, Segmentation of the left ventricle in cardiac MR images, Proceedings Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. ICCV 2001, pp.501-508, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2001.937558

J. Park, D. Metaxas, and L. Axel, Analysis of left ventricular wall motion based on volumetric deformable models and MRI-SPAMM, Medical Image Analysis, vol.1, issue.1, pp.53-71, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(01)80005-0

K. Park, D. Metaxas, and L. Axel, A Finite Element Model for Functional Analysis of 4D Cardiac-Tagged MR Images, Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI'03), pp.491-498, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-39899-8_61

M. Ferrant, A. Nabavi, B. Macq, F. Jolesz, R. Kikinis et al., Registration of 3-d intraoperative MR images of the brain using a finite-element biomechanical model, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.20, issue.12, pp.1384-1397, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/42.974933

O. Skrinjar, A. Nabavi, and J. Duncan, Model-driven brain shift compensation, Medical Image Analysis, vol.6, issue.4, pp.361-373, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(02)00062-2

F. Azar, D. Metaxas, and M. Schnall, Methods for modeling and predicting mechanical deformations of the breast under external perturbations, Medical Image Analysis, vol.6, issue.1, pp.1-27, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(01)00053-6

X. Papademetris, A. J. Sinusas, D. P. Dione, and J. S. Duncan, Estimation of 3D left ventricular deformation from echocardiography, Medical Image Analysis, vol.5, issue.1, pp.17-28, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(00)00022-0

Q. Pham, F. Vincent, P. Clarysse, P. Croisille, and I. Magnin, A FEMbased deformable model for the 3D segmentation and tracking of the heart in cardiac MRI, Proc. Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA'01), pp.250-254, 2001.

A. Sitek, G. Klein, G. Gullberg, and R. Huesman, Deformable model of the heart with fiber structure, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.49, issue.3, pp.789-793, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2002.1039564

M. Sermesant, C. Forest, X. Pennec, H. Delingette, and N. Ayache, Deformable biomechanical models: Application to 4D cardiac image analysis, Medical Image Analysis, vol.7, issue.4, pp.475-488, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(03)00068-9

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615637

E. Lo, H. Liu, and P. Shi, H1 filtering and physical modeling for robust kinematics estimation, IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, pp.169-172, 2003.

H. Liu and P. Shi, Simultaneous estimation of left ventricular motion and material properties with maximum a posteriori strategy, IEEE Comput, pp.161-168, 2003.

P. Nielsen, I. L. Grice, B. Smail, and P. Hunter, Mathematical model of geometry and fibrous structure of the heart, Am. J. Physiol, vol.260, issue.29, pp.1365-1378, 1991.

E. Hsu and C. Henriquez, Myocardial Fiber Orientation Mapping Using Reduced Encoding Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, vol.3, issue.4, pp.325-333, 2001.
DOI : 10.1081/JCMR-100108588

W. Lorensen and H. Cline, Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm, Proc. SIG- GRAPH), pp.163-169, 1987.
DOI : 10.1145/37402.37422

A. Pommert, K. Höhne, B. Pflesser, E. Richter, M. Riemer et al., Creating a high-resolution spatial/symbolic model of the inner organs based on the Visible Human, Medical Image Analysis, vol.5, issue.3, pp.221-228, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(01)00044-5

A. Hodgkin and A. Huxley, A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve, J. Physiol, vol.177, pp.500-544, 1952.

G. W. Beeler and H. Reuter, Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres, The Journal of Physiology, vol.268, issue.1, pp.177-210, 1977.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011853

C. Luo and Y. Rudy, A model of the ventricular cardiac action potential. Depolarization, repolarization, and their interaction, Circulation Research, vol.68, issue.6, pp.1501-1526, 1991.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.68.6.1501

D. Noble, A. Varghese, P. Kohl, and P. Noble, Improved guinea-pig ventricular cell model incorporating a diadic spaceI and I , and length and tension dependent processes, Can. J. Cardiol, vol.14, pp.123-134, 1998.

R. Fitzhugh, Impulses and Physiological States in Theoretical Models of Nerve Membrane, Biophysical Journal, vol.1, issue.6, pp.445-466, 1961.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86902-6

J. Rogers and A. Mcculloch, A collocation-Galerkin finite element model of cardiac action potential propagation, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol.41, issue.8, pp.743-757, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/10.310090

R. Aliev and A. Panfilov, A simple two-variable model of cardiac excitation, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol.7, issue.3, pp.293-301, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0960-0779(95)00089-5

Z. Knudsen, A. Holden, and J. Brindley, Qualitative modeling of mechano-electrical feedback in a ventricular cell, Bull, Math, Biol, vol.6, issue.59, pp.115-181, 1997.

P. Hunter and B. Smaill, The analysis of cardiac function: A continuum approach, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol.52, issue.2, pp.101-164, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6107(88)90004-1

J. Humphrey, R. Strumpf, and F. Yin, Determination of a constitutive relation for passive myocardium: I. A new functional form, ASME J. Biomechan. Eng, vol.112, pp.333-339, 1990.

J. Guccione and A. Mcculloch, Finite element modeling of ventricular mechanics, " in Theory of Heart: Biomechanics, Biophysics, and Nonlinear Dynamics of Cardiac Function, pp.121-144, 1991.

P. Hunter, M. Nash, and G. Sands, Computational electromechanics of the heart, Computational Biology of the Heart, pp.345-407, 1997.

M. Nash, Mechanics and material properties of the heart using an anatomically accurate mathematical model, 1998.

J. Häfner, F. Sachse, C. Sansour, G. Seemann, and O. Dössel, Hyperelastic description of elastomechanic properties of the heart: a new material law and its application, Biomedizinische Technik, vol.471, issue.2, pp.770-773, 2002.

D. Caillerie, A. Mourad, and A. Raoult, Toward a fiber-based constitutive law for the myocardium, Proc. Modeling & Simulation for Computer-Aided Medicine and Surgery (MS4CMS'02) ESAIM Proceedings, pp.25-30, 2002.

J. Bestel, F. Clément, and M. Sorine, A Biomechanical Model of Muscle Contraction, Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted intervention (MICCAI'01), pp.1159-1161, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45468-3_143

D. Chapelle, F. Clément, F. Génot, P. L. Tallec, M. Sorine et al., A Physiologically-Based Model for the Active Cardiac Muscle Contraction, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ser. (LNCS) Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart (FIMH'01), pp.128-133, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45572-8_18

O. Zienkiewicz and R. Taylor, The Finite Element Method, 1994.

M. Sermesant, O. Clatz, Z. Li, S. Lantéri, H. Delingette et al., A Parallel Implementation of Non-rigid Registration Using a Volumetric Biomechanical Model, Lecture Notes in Computer Science International Workshop on Biomedical Image Registration, vol.2717, pp.398-407, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-39701-4_42

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615960

D. Durrer, R. Van-dam, G. Freud, M. Janse, F. Meijler et al., Total Excitation of the Isolated Human Heart, Circulation, vol.41, issue.6, pp.899-912, 1970.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.41.6.899

S. Silbernagl and A. Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology, 1991.

R. Andriantsimiavona, L. Griffin, D. Hill, and R. Razavi, Simple cardiac MRI segmentation, Proc. Int. Soc. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Scientific Meeting, p.951, 2003.

C. Allouche, S. Makram, N. Ayache, and H. Delingette, A New Kinetic Modeling Scheme for the Human Left Ventricle Wall Motion with MR-Tagging Imaging, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart (FIMH'01), pp.61-68, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45572-8_9

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615885

V. Krinsky, Spread of excitation in an inhomogeneous medium (state similar to cardiac fibrillation), Biofizika, vol.11, pp.676-683, 1966.

G. Gottwald, A. Pumir, and V. Krinsky, Spiral wave drift induced by stimulating wave trains, Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, vol.11, issue.3, pp.487-494, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1395624

M. Sermesant, K. Rhode, G. Sanchez-ortiz, O. Camara, R. Andriantsimiavona et al., Simulation of cardiac pathologies using an electromechanical biventricular model and XMR interventional imaging, Medical Image Analysis, vol.9, issue.5, pp.467-480, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.media.2005.05.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615667

J. Montagnat, M. Sermesant, H. Delingette, G. Malandain, and N. Ayache, Anisotropic filtering for model-based segmentation of 4D cylindrical echocardiographic images, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.24, issue.4-5, pp.815-828, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8655(02)00184-8

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00615640

K. Sagawa, R. Lie, and J. Schaefer, Translation of Otto Frank's paper " Die grundform des arteriellen pulses, Zeitschrift fur Biologie J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol, vol.37, issue.22 3, pp.483-526, 1899.

N. Stergiopulos, B. Westerhof, and N. Westerhof, Total arterial inertance as the fourth element of the windkessel model, Am. J. Physiol, vol.276, pp.81-88, 1999.