P. B. Abitua, E. Wagner, I. A. Navarrete, and M. Levine, Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate, Nature, vol.138, issue.7427, pp.104-107, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature11589

S. B. Van-albada and P. R. Ten-wolde, Enzyme localization can drastically affect signal amplification in signal transduction pathways, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.preprint, issue.2007, pp.1925-1934, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030195.eor

T. Alexander, C. Nolte, and R. Krumlauf, Genes and Segmentation of the Hindbrain and Axial Skeleton, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.431-456, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113423

S. L. Ang, R. A. Conlon, O. Jin, R. , and J. , Positive and negative signals from mesoderm regulate the expression of mouse Otx2 in ectoderm explants, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.120, pp.2979-2989, 1994.

I. Araki and H. Nakamura, Engrailed defines the position of dorsal di-mesencephalic boundary by repressing diencephalic fate, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.126, pp.5127-5135, 1999.

D. Arvanitis and A. Davy, Eph/ephrin signaling: networks, Genes & Development, vol.22, issue.4, pp.416-429, 2008.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1630408
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731651

E. Batlle, J. T. Henderson, H. Beghtel, M. M. Van-den-born, E. Sancho et al., ??-Catenin and TCF Mediate Cell Positioning in the Intestinal Epithelium by Controlling the Expression of EphB/EphrinB, Cell, vol.111, issue.2, pp.251-263, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01015-2

F. Belleudi, L. Leone, V. Nobili, S. Raffa, F. Francescangeli et al., Keratinocyte Growth Factor Receptor Ligands Target the Receptor to Different Intracellular Pathways, Traffic, vol.7, issue.12, pp.1854-1872, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00651.x

V. Bertrand, C. Hudson, D. Caillol, C. Popovici, and P. Lemaire, Neural Tissue in Ascidian Embryos Is Induced by FGF9/16/20, Acting via a Combination of Maternal GATA and Ets Transcription Factors, Cell, vol.115, issue.5, pp.615-627, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00928-0

P. Bouillet, C. Chazaud, M. Oulad-abdelghani, P. Dollé, C. et al., Sequence and expression pattern of the Stra7 (Gbx-2) homeobox-containing gene induced by retinoic acid in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells, Developmental Dynamics, vol.120, issue.4, pp.372-382, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/aja.1002040404

S. J. Bourlat, T. Juliusdottir, C. J. Lowe, R. Freeman, J. Aronowicz et al., Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida, Nature, vol.283, issue.7115, pp.85-88, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05241

T. Bouwmeester, S. Kim, Y. Sasai, B. Lu, D. Robertis et al., Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann's organizer, Nature, vol.382, issue.6592, pp.595-601, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/382595a0

V. Broccoli, E. Boncinelli, and W. Wurst, The caudal limit of Otx2 expression positions the isthmic organizer, Nature, vol.401, pp.164-168, 1999.

R. F. Carvalho, M. Beutler, K. J. Marler, B. Knöll, E. Becker-barroso et al., Silencing of EphA3 through a cis interaction with ephrinA5, Nature Neuroscience, vol.42, issue.3, pp.322-330, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1655

J. B. Casaletto and A. I. Mcclatchey, Spatial regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases in development and cancer, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.20, issue.6, pp.387-400, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc3277

G. Cho, S. Choi, and J. Han, BMP signal attenuates FGF pathway in anteroposterior neural patterning, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.434, issue.3, pp.509-515, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.105

L. Christiaen, E. Wagner, W. Shi, and M. Levine, The Sea Squirt Ciona intestinalis, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, vol.2009, issue.12, p.138, 2009.
DOI : 10.1101/pdb.emo138

A. G. Cole and I. A. Meinertzhagen, The central nervous system of the ascidian larva: mitotic history of cells forming the neural tube in late embryonic Ciona intestinalis, Developmental Biology, vol.271, issue.2, pp.239-262, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.001

E. G. Conklin, The organization and cell-lineage of the ascidian egg, [Academy of Natural Sciences]), 1905.

J. E. Cooke, H. A. Kemp, and C. B. Moens, EphA4 Is Required for Cell Adhesion and Rhombomere-Boundary Formation in the Zebrafish, Current Biology, vol.15, issue.6, pp.536-542, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.019

J. C. Corbo, M. Levine, and R. W. Zeller, Characterization of a notochord-specific enhancer from the Brachyury promoter region of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, Development, vol.124, pp.589-602, 1997.

C. A. Cowan and M. Henkemeyer, The SH2/SH3 adaptor Grb4 transduces B-ephrin reverse signals, Nature, vol.413, issue.6852, pp.174-179, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35093123

W. G. Cox and A. Hemmati-brivanlou, Caudalization of neural fate by tissue recombination and bFGF, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.121, pp.4349-4358, 1995.

M. Dail, M. Richter, P. Godement, P. , and E. B. , Eph receptors inactivate R-Ras through different mechanisms to achieve cell repulsion, Journal of Cell Science, vol.119, issue.7, pp.1244-1254, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02842
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00083982

S. Darras and H. Nishida, The BMP/CHORDIN Antagonism Controls Sensory Pigment Cell Specification and Differentiation in the Ascidian Embryo, Developmental Biology, vol.236, issue.2, pp.271-288, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.2001.0339

A. Davy and S. M. Robbins, Ephrin-A5 modulates cell adhesion and morphology in an integrin-dependent manner, The EMBO Journal, vol.19, issue.20, pp.5396-5405, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/19.20.5396

P. Dehal and J. L. Boore, Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate, PLoS Biology, vol.18, issue.10, p.314, 2005.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314.st001

P. Dehal, Y. Satou, R. K. Campbell, J. Chapman, B. Degnan et al., The Draft Genome of Ciona intestinalis: Insights into Chordate and Vertebrate Origins, Science, vol.298, issue.5601, pp.2157-2167, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1080049
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00311352

E. Delaune, P. Lemaire, and L. Kodjabachian, Neural induction in Xenopus requires early FGF signalling in addition to BMP inhibition, Development, vol.132, issue.2, pp.299-310, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.01582
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00118172

F. Delsuc, H. Brinkmann, D. Chourrout, P. , and H. , Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates, Nature, vol.13, issue.7079, pp.965-968, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04336
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00315436

H. D. Dufour, Z. Chettouh, C. Deyts, R. Rosa, . De et al., Precraniate origin of cranial motoneurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, pp.8727-8732, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0600805103
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00113783

A. J. Durston, J. P. Timmermans, W. J. Hage, H. F. Hendriks, N. J. De-vries et al., Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system, Nature, vol.340, issue.6229, pp.140-144, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/340140a0

S. Elowe, S. J. Holland, S. Kulkarni, and T. Pawson, Downregulation of the Ras-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway by the EphB2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Is Required for Ephrin-Induced Neurite Retraction, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.21, issue.21, pp.7429-7441, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.21.21.7429-7441.2001

R. Esposito, S. D-'aniello, P. Squarzoni, M. R. Pezzotti, F. Ristoratore et al., New Insights into the Evolution of Metazoan Tyrosinase Gene Family, PLoS ONE, vol.126, issue.4, p.35731, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0035731.s005

E. L. Ferguson, A. , and K. V. , Localized enhancement and repression of the activity of the TGFbeta family member, decapentaplegic, is necessary for dorsal-ventral pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.114, pp.583-597, 1992.

J. E. Ferrell and . Jr, Self-perpetuating states in signal transduction: positive feedback, double-negative feedback and bistability, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.140-148, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00314-9

J. E. Ferrell, . Jr, and R. R. Bhatt, Mechanistic Studies of the Dual Phosphorylation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.30, pp.19008-19016, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.30.19008

J. E. Ferrell, . Jr, and E. M. Machleder, The Biochemical Basis of an All-or-None Cell Fate Switch in Xenopus Oocytes, Science, vol.280, issue.5365, pp.895-898, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5365.895

J. E. Ferrell-jr, Tripping the switch fantastic: how a protein kinase cascade can convert graded inputs into switch-like outputs, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.21, issue.12, pp.460-466, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(96)20026-X

L. Gabay, H. Scholz, M. Golembo, A. Klaes, B. Z. Shilo et al., EGF receptor signaling induces pointed P1 transcription and inactivates Yan protein in the Drosophila embryonic ventral ectoderm, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.122, pp.3355-3362, 1996.

S. F. Gilbert, Biologie du développement, 2004.

A. Goldbeter, K. , and D. E. Jr, An amplified sensitivity arising from covalent modification in biological systems., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.78, issue.11, pp.6840-6844, 1981.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6840

K. Hatta and Y. Takahashi, Secondary axis induction by heterospecific organizers in zebrafish, Developmental Dynamics, vol.361, issue.2, pp.183-195, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199602)205:2<183::AID-AJA9>3.0.CO;2-E

M. Hattori, M. Osterfield, and J. G. Flanagan, Regulated Cleavage of a Contact-Mediated Axon Repellent, Science, vol.289, issue.5483, pp.1360-1365, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.289.5483.1360

A. Hemmati-brivanlou and D. Melton, Vertebrate Embryonic Cells Will Become Nerve Cells Unless Told Otherwise, Cell, vol.88, issue.1, pp.13-17, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81853-X

A. Hemmati-brivanlou, O. G. Kelly, and D. A. Melton, Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity, Cell, vol.77, issue.2, pp.283-295, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90320-4

T. Hibino, T. Nishikata, and H. Nishida, Centrosome-attracting body: A novel structure closely related to unequal cleavages in the ascidian embryo, Development, Growth and Differentiation, vol.122, issue.1, pp.85-95, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0968-0004(86)90247-1

J. Himanen, M. J. Chumley, M. Lackmann, C. Li, W. A. Barton et al., Repelling class discrimination: ephrin-A5 binds to and activates EphB2 receptor signaling, Nature Neuroscience, vol.7, issue.5, pp.501-509, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1237

S. J. Holland, N. W. Gale, G. D. Gish, R. A. Roth, Z. Songyang et al., Juxtamembrane tyrosine residues couple the Eph family receptor EphB2/Nuk to specific SH2 domain proteins in neuronal cells, The EMBO Journal, vol.16, issue.13, pp.3877-3888, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/16.13.3877

S. A. Holley, P. D. Jackson, Y. Sasai, B. Lu, E. M. De-robertis et al., A conserved system for dorsal-ventral patterning in insects and vertebrates involving sog and chordin, Nature, vol.376, issue.6537, pp.249-253, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/376249a0

K. Hotta, K. Mitsuhara, H. Takahashi, K. Inaba, K. Oka et al., A web-based interactive developmental table for the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, including 3D real-image embryo reconstructions: I. From fertilized egg to hatching larva, Dev. Dyn. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Anat, vol.236, pp.1790-1805, 2007.

C. Y. Huang, J. E. Ferrell, and . Jr, Ultrasensitivity in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.19, pp.10078-10083, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10078

C. Hudson and P. Lemaire, Induction of anterior neural fates in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, Mechanisms of Development, vol.100, issue.2, pp.189-203, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4773(00)00528-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01441402

C. Hudson, Y. , and H. , Similarity and diversity in mechanisms of muscle fate induction between ascidian species, Biology of the Cell, vol.37, issue.5, pp.265-277, 2008.
DOI : 10.1042/BC20070144

C. Hudson, S. Darras, D. Caillol, H. Yasuo, and P. Lemaire, A conserved role for the MEK signalling pathway in neural tissue specification and posteriorisation in the invertebrate chordate, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, Development, vol.130, issue.1, pp.147-159, 2003.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.00200
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00311350

C. Hudson, S. Lotito, Y. , and H. , Sequential and combinatorial inputs from Nodal, Delta2/Notch and FGF/MEK/ERK signalling pathways establish a grid-like organisation of distinct cell identities in the ascidian neural plate, Development, vol.134, issue.19, pp.3527-3537, 2007.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.002352

C. Hudson, M. Ba, C. Rouvière, Y. , and H. , Divergent mechanisms specify chordate motoneurons: evidence from ascidians, Development, vol.138, issue.8, pp.1643-1652, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.055426

C. Hudson, N. Kawai, T. Negishi, Y. , and H. , ??-Catenin-Driven Binary Fate Specification Segregates Germ Layers in Ascidian Embryos, Current Biology, vol.23, issue.6, pp.491-495, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.005

T. Hunter, A thousand and one protein kinases, Cell, vol.50, issue.6, pp.823-829, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90509-5

T. Ikuta, N. Yoshida, N. Satoh, and H. Saiga, Ciona intestinalis Hox gene cluster: Its dispersed structure and residual colinear expression in development, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.42, pp.15118-15123, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0401389101

T. Ikuta, N. Satoh, and H. Saiga, Limited functions of Hox genes in the larval development of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, Development, vol.137, issue.9, pp.1505-1513, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.046938

K. S. Imai, N. Satoh, and Y. Satou, Early embryonic expression of FGF4/6/9 gene and its role in the induction of mesenchyme and notochord in Ciona savignyi embryos, Development, vol.129, pp.1729-1738, 2002.

K. S. Imai, N. Satoh, and Y. Satou, An essential role of a FoxD gene in notochord induction in Ciona embryos, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.129, pp.3441-3453, 2002.

K. S. Imai, Y. Satou, and N. Satoh, Multiple functions of a Zic-like gene in the differentiation of notochord, central nervous system and muscle in Ciona savignyi embryos, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.129, pp.2723-2732, 2002.

K. S. Imai, K. Hino, K. Yagi, N. Satoh, and Y. Satou, Gene expression profiles of transcription factors and signaling molecules in the ascidian embryo: towards a comprehensive understanding of gene networks, Development, vol.131, issue.16, 2004.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.01270

P. W. Ingham and M. Placzek, Orchestrating ontogenesis: variations on a theme by sonic hedgehog, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.129, issue.11, pp.841-850, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.05.004

R. Irannejad, J. C. Tomshine, J. R. Tomshine, M. Chevalier, J. P. Mahoney et al., Conformational biosensors reveal GPCR signalling from endosomes, Nature, vol.280, issue.7442, pp.534-538, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature12000

C. Irving and I. Mason, Signalling by FGF8 from the isthmus patterns anterior hindbrain and establishes the anterior limit of Hox gene expression, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.127, pp.177-186, 2000.

P. W. Janes, S. H. Wimmer-kleikamp, A. S. Frangakis, K. Treble, B. Griesshaber et al., Cytoplasmic Relaxation of Active Eph Controls Ephrin Shedding by ADAM10, PLoS Biology, vol.290, issue.2, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000215.s011

P. W. Janes, E. Nievergall, and M. Lackmann, Concepts and consequences of Eph receptor clustering, Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.43-50, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.001

S. Jean, A. Mikryukov, M. G. Tremblay, J. Baril, F. Guillou et al., Extended-Synaptotagmin-2 Mediates FGF Receptor Endocytosis and ERK Activation In??Vivo, Developmental Cell, vol.19, issue.3, pp.426-439, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.08.007

B. N. Kholodenko, Cell-signalling dynamics in time and space, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.20, issue.3, pp.165-176, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm1838

B. N. Kholodenko and M. R. Birtwistle, Four-dimensional dynamics of MAPK information-processing systems, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine, vol.135, issue.1, pp.28-44, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/wsbm.16

G. J. Kim, A. Yamada, and H. Nishida, An FGF signal from endoderm and localized factors in the posterior-vegetal egg cytoplasm pattern the mesodermal tissues in the ascidian embryo, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.127, pp.2853-2862, 2000.

G. J. Kim, G. Kumano, and H. Nishida, Cell fate polarization in ascidian mesenchyme/muscle precursors by directed FGF signaling and role for an additional ectodermal FGF antagonizing signal in notochord/nerve cord precursors, Development, vol.134, issue.8, pp.1509-1518, 2007.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.02825

I. Kim, Y. S. Ryu, H. J. Kwak, S. Y. Ahn, J. Oh et al., EphB ligand, ephrinB2, suppresses the VEGF- and angiopoietin-1-induced Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in venous endothelial cells, The FASEB Journal, 2002.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.01-0805fje

C. R. Kintner and J. Dodd, Hensen's node induces neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. Implications for the action of the organizer in neural induction, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.113, pp.1495-1505, 1991.

R. Klein, Eph/ephrin signalling during development, Development, vol.139, issue.22, pp.4105-4109, 2012.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.074997

R. Klein, Eph/ephrin signalling during development, Development, vol.139, issue.22, pp.4105-4109, 2012.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.074997
URL : http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/139/22/4105

D. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, K. Matsumoto, T. Ogura, M. Nakafuku et al., Early subdivisions in the neural plate define distinct competence for inductive signals, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.129, pp.83-93, 2002.

K. Kobayashi, K. Sawada, H. Yamamoto, S. Wada, H. Saiga et al., Maternal macho-1 is an intrinsic factor that makes cell response to the same FGF signal differ between mesenchyme and notochord induction in ascidian embryos, Development, vol.130, issue.21, pp.5179-5190, 2003.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.00732

K. Kondoh, K. Kobayashi, and H. Nishida, Suppression of macho-1-directed muscle fate by FGF and BMP is required for formation of posterior endoderm in ascidian embryos, Development, vol.130, issue.>14, pp.3205-3216, 2003.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.00521

K. Kullander and R. Klein, Mechanisms and functions of eph and ephrin signalling, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.3, issue.7, pp.475-486, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm856

G. Kumano, N. Takatori, T. Negishi, T. Takada, and H. Nishida, A Maternal Factor Unique to Ascidians Silences the Germline via Binding to P-TEFb and RNAP II Regulation, Current Biology, vol.21, issue.15, pp.1308-1313, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.050

M. Lackmann and A. W. Boyd, Eph, a Protein Family Coming of Age: More Confusion, Insight, or Complexity?, Science Signaling, vol.1, issue.15, p.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/stke.115re2

C. Lamy, U. Rothbächer, D. Caillol, and P. Lemaire, Ci-FoxA-a is the earliest zygotic determinant of the ascidian anterior ectoderm and directly activates Ci-sFRP1/5, Development, vol.133, issue.15, pp.2835-2844, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.02448
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00088579

A. J. Laude and I. A. Prior, Palmitoylation and localisation of RAS isoforms are modulated by the hypervariable linker domain, Journal of Cell Science, vol.121, issue.4, pp.421-427, 2008.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.020107

C. Launay, V. Fromentoux, D. L. Shi, and J. C. Boucaut, A truncated FGF receptor blocks neural induction by endogenous Xenopus inducers, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.122, pp.869-880, 1996.

P. Lemaire, Unfolding a chordate developmental program, one cell at a time: Invariant cell lineages, short-range inductions and evolutionary plasticity in ascidians, Developmental Biology, vol.332, issue.1, pp.48-60, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.540
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428990

P. Lemaire, V. Bertrand, H. , and C. , Early Steps in the Formation of Neural Tissue in Ascidian Embryos, Developmental Biology, vol.252, issue.2, pp.151-169, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.2002.0861
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00566783

C. Li, D. A. Scott, E. Hatch, X. Tian, and S. L. Mansour, Dusp6 (Mkp3) is a negative feedback regulator of FGF-stimulated ERK signaling during mouse development, Development, vol.134, issue.1, pp.167-176, 2007.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.02701

Y. Lim, T. Mclaughlin, T. Sung, A. Santiago, K. Lee et al., (NTR) mediates ephrin-A reverse signaling required for axon repulsion and mapping, Neuron, vol.59, pp.75-746, 2008.

J. M. López, Digital kinases, Communicative & Integrative Biology, vol.268, issue.2, pp.146-150, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02437446

M. Mallo, A. , and C. R. , The regulation of Hox gene expression during animal development, Development, vol.140, issue.19, 2013.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.068346

L. Marchal, G. Luxardi, V. Thomé, and L. Kodjabachian, BMP inhibition initiates neural induction via FGF signaling and Zic genes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.41, pp.17437-17442, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0906352106
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428873

T. Marquardt, R. Shirasaki, S. Ghosh, S. E. Andrews, N. Carter et al., Coexpressed EphA Receptors and Ephrin-A Ligands Mediate Opposing Actions on Growth Cone Navigation from Distinct Membrane Domains, Cell, vol.121, issue.1, pp.127-139, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.020

D. J. Marston, S. Dickinson, and C. D. Nobes, Rac-dependent trans-endocytosis of ephrinBs regulates Eph???ephrin contact repulsion, Nature Cell Biology, vol.5, issue.10, pp.879-888, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb1044

E. Matsunaga, I. Araki, and H. Nakamura, Pax6 defines the di-mesencephalic boundary by repressing En1 and Pax2, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.127, pp.2357-2365, 2000.

L. L. Mcgrew, C. J. Lai, M. , and R. T. , Specification of the Anteroposterior Neural Axis through Synergistic Interaction of the Wnt Signaling Cascade withnogginandfollistatin, Developmental Biology, vol.172, issue.1, pp.337-342, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1995.0027

T. Mclaughlin, R. Hindges, O. Leary, and D. D. , Regulation of axial patterning of the retina and its topographic mapping in the brain, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.13, issue.1, pp.57-69, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00014-X

G. J. Melen, S. Levy, N. Barkai, and B. Shilo, Threshold responses to morphogen gradients by zeroorder ultrasensitivity, Mol. Syst. Biol, vol.1, p.28, 2005.

D. O. Mellott and R. D. Burke, The molecular phylogeny of eph receptors and ephrin ligands, BMC Cell Biology, vol.9, issue.1, p.27, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2121-9-27

J. Meyers, J. Craig, and D. J. Odde, Potential for Control of Signaling Pathways via Cell Size and Shape, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.17, pp.1685-1693, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.056

H. Miao, B. Wei, D. M. Peehl, Q. Li, T. Alexandrou et al., Activation of EphA receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits the Ras/MAPK pathway, Nature Cell Biology, vol.3, issue.5, pp.527-530, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35074604

M. A. Miller, P. J. Ruest, M. Kosinski, S. K. Hanks, and D. Greenstein, An Eph receptor sperm-sensing control mechanism for oocyte meiotic maturation in Caenorhabditis elegans, Genes & Development, vol.17, issue.2, pp.187-200, 2003.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1028303

S. Millet, K. Campbell, D. J. Epstein, K. Losos, E. Harris et al., A role for Gbx2 in repression of Otx2 and positioning the mid/hindbrain organizer, Nature, vol.401, pp.161-164, 1999.

T. Minokawa, K. Yagi, K. W. Makabe, and H. Nishida, Binary specification of nerve cord and notochord cell fates in ascidian embryos, Development, vol.128, pp.2007-2017, 2001.

E. Munro, F. Robin, and P. Lemaire, Cellular morphogenesis in ascidians: how to shape a simple tadpole, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.16, issue.4, pp.399-405, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gde.2006.06.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01440654

M. J. Nakamura, J. Terai, R. Okubo, K. Hotta, and K. Oka, Three-dimensional anatomy of the Ciona intestinalis tailbud embryo at single-cell resolution, Developmental Biology, vol.372, issue.2, pp.274-284, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.09.007

T. Negishi, T. Takada, N. Kawai, and H. Nishida, Localized PEM mRNA and Protein Are Involved in Cleavage-Plane Orientation and Unequal Cell Divisions in Ascidians, Current Biology, vol.17, issue.12, pp.1014-1025, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.047

D. Nicol and I. A. Meinertzhagen, Development of the central nervous system of the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L, Developmental Biology, vol.130, issue.2, pp.721-736, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90363-6

D. Nicol and I. A. Meinertzhagen, Development of the central nervous system of the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L, Developmental Biology, vol.130, issue.2, pp.737-766, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90364-8

H. Nishida, Cell lineage analysis in ascidian embryos by intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme, Developmental Biology, vol.121, issue.2, pp.526-541, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90188-6

H. Nishida, Induction of brain and sensory pigment cells in the analyzed by experiments with isolated blastomeres, Development, vol.112, pp.389-395, 1991.

H. Nishida, Localization of determinants for formation of the anterior?posterior axis in eggs of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, Dev. Camb. Engl, pp.3093-3104, 1994.

H. Nishida, Spatio-temporal pattern of MAP kinase activation in embryos of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, Development, Growth and Differentiation, vol.126, issue.1, pp.27-37, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s004270000118

H. Nishida and N. Satoh, Cell lineage analysis in ascidian embryos by intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme, Developmental Biology, vol.99, issue.2, pp.382-394, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90288-9

H. Nishida and N. Satoh, Cell lineage analysis in ascidian embryos by intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme, Developmental Biology, vol.110, issue.2, pp.440-454, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90102-2

H. Nishida and N. Satoh, Determination and regulation in the pigment cell lineage of the ascidian embryo, Developmental Biology, vol.132, issue.2, pp.355-367, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90232-7

H. Nishida and K. Sawada, macho-1 encodes a localized mRNA in ascidian eggs that specifies muscle fate during embryogenesis, Nature, vol.409, issue.6821, pp.724-729, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35055568

A. Nishiyama and S. Fujiwara, embryo, Development, Growth & Differentiation, vol.130, issue.6, pp.521-529, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2008.01039.x

N. K. Noren, P. , and E. B. , Eph receptor???ephrin bidirectional signals that target Ras and Rho proteins, Cellular Signalling, vol.16, issue.6, pp.655-666, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.10.006

O. Neill, E. M. Rebay, I. Tjian, R. , R. et al., The activities of two Ets-related transcription factors required for drosophila eye development are modulated by the Ras/MAPK pathway, Cell, vol.78, issue.1, pp.137-147, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90580-0

N. Ohta and Y. Satou, Multiple Signaling Pathways Coordinate to Induce a Threshold Response in a Chordate Embryo, PLoS Genetics, vol.134, issue.13, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003818.s010

J. Omerovic and I. A. Prior, Compartmentalized signalling: Ras proteins and signalling nanoclusters, FEBS Journal, vol.103, issue.7, pp.1817-1825, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06928.x

M. Pálfy, A. Reményi, K. , and T. , Endosomal crosstalk: meeting points for signaling pathways, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.22, issue.9, pp.447-456, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.06.004

A. M. Pani, E. E. Mullarkey, J. Aronowicz, S. Assimacopoulos, E. A. Grove et al., Ancient deuterostome origins of vertebrate brain signalling centres, Nature, vol.17, issue.7389, pp.289-294, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10838

E. B. Pasquale, Erratum: Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.6, issue.7, pp.462-475, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm1662

E. B. Pasquale, Eph receptors and ephrins in cancer: bidirectional signalling and beyond, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.130, issue.3, pp.165-180, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc2806

E. M. Pera, A. Ikeda, E. Eivers, D. Robertis, and E. M. , Integration of IGF, FGF, and anti-BMP signals via Smad1 phosphorylation in neural induction, Genes & Development, vol.17, issue.24, pp.3023-3028, 2003.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1153603

A. Peyker, O. Rocks, and P. I. Bastiaens, Imaging Activation of Two Ras Isoforms Simultaneously in a Single Cell, ChemBioChem, vol.197, issue.1, pp.78-85, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.200400280

V. Picco, C. Hudson, Y. , and H. , Ephrin-Eph signalling drives the asymmetric division of notochord/neural precursors in Ciona embryos, Development, vol.134, issue.8, pp.1491-1497, 2007.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.003939

S. Piccolo, E. Agius, L. Leyns, S. Bhattacharyya, H. Grunz et al., The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals, Nature, vol.397, pp.707-710, 1999.

M. E. Pitulescu, A. , and R. H. , Eph/ephrin molecules--a hub for signaling and endocytosis, Genes & Development, vol.24, issue.22, pp.2480-2492, 2010.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1973910

A. Poliakov, M. L. Cotrina, A. Pasini, and D. G. Wilkinson, Regulation of EphB2 activation and cell repulsion by feedback control of the MAPK pathway, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.129, issue.5, pp.933-947, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1203304

R. L. Pratt and M. S. Kinch, Activation of the EphA2 tyrosine kinase stimulates the MAP/ERK kinase signaling cascade, Oncogene, vol.21, issue.50, pp.7690-7699, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1205758

D. Price, A. P. Jarman, J. O. Mason, and P. C. Kind, Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470979624

F. Prodon, L. Yamada, M. Shirae-kurabayashi, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Sasakura, Postplasmic/PEM RNAs: A class of localized maternal mRNAs with multiple roles in cell polarity and development in ascidian embryos, Developmental Dynamics, vol.62, issue.7, pp.1698-1715, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/dvdy.21109

F. Prodon, C. Sardet, and H. Nishida, Cortical and cytoplasmic flows driven by actin microfilaments polarize the cortical ER-mRNA domain along the a???v axis in ascidian oocytes, Developmental Biology, vol.313, issue.2, pp.682-699, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.001

F. Prodon, J. Chenevert, C. Hébras, R. Dumollard, E. Faure et al., Dual mechanism controls asymmetric spindle position in ascidian germ cell precursors, Development, vol.137, issue.12, pp.2011-2021, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.047845

R. Martínez-morales, J. Rodrigo, I. Bovolenta, and P. , Eye development: a view from the retina pigmented epithelium, BioEssays, vol.237, issue.7, pp.766-777, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/bies.20064

A. Reich, A. Sapir, and B. Shilo, Sprouty is a general inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.126, pp.4139-4147, 1999.

D. Richard, A. Beaumont, and P. Cassier, Biologie animale -Les Cordés -9ème édition -Anatomie comparée des vertébrés, 2009.

F. B. Robin, D. Dauga, O. Tassy, D. Sobral, F. Daian et al., Creating 3D Digital Replicas of Ascidian Embryos from Stacks of Confocal Images, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, vol.2011, issue.10, pp.1251-1261, 2011.
DOI : 10.1101/pdb.prot065862

U. Rothbächer, V. Bertrand, C. Lamy, and P. Lemaire, A combinatorial code of maternal GATA, Ets and beta-catenin-TCF transcription factors specifies and patterns the early ascidian ectoderm, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.134, pp.4023-4032, 2007.

M. Sahin, P. L. Greer, M. Z. Lin, H. Poucher, J. Eberhart et al., Eph-Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Ephexin1 Modulates Growth Cone Collapse, Neuron, vol.46, issue.2, pp.191-204, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.030

K. Salaita, P. M. Nair, R. S. Petit, R. M. Neve, D. Das et al., Restriction of Receptor Movement Alters Cellular Response: Physical Force Sensing by EphA2, Science, vol.327, issue.5971, pp.1380-1385, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1181729

C. Sardet, A. Paix, F. Prodon, P. Dru, C. et al., From oocyte to 16-cell stage: Cytoplasmic and cortical reorganizations that pattern the ascidian embryo, Developmental Dynamics, vol.45, issue.7, pp.1716-1731, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/dvdy.21136

Y. Sasai, B. Lu, H. Steinbeisser, D. Robertis, and E. M. , Regulation of neural induction by the Chd and Bmp-4 antagonistic patterning signals in Xenopus, Nature, vol.376, issue.6538, pp.333-336, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/376333a0

S. M. Sato and T. D. Sargent, Development of neural inducing capacity in dissociated Xenopus embryos, Developmental Biology, vol.134, issue.1, pp.263-266, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90096-1

N. Satoh, Developmental biology of ascidians, 1994.

Y. Satou, K. S. Imai, and N. Satoh, Action of morpholinos in Ciona embryos, Genes. N. Y. N, pp.30-103, 2000.

Y. Satou, N. Satoh, and K. S. Imai, Gene regulatory networks in the early ascidian embryo, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, vol.1789, issue.4, pp.268-273, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.03.005

G. Sheng, M. Dos-reis, and C. D. Stern, Churchill, a Zinc Finger Transcriptional Activator, Regulates the Transition between Gastrulation and Neurulation, Cell, vol.115, issue.5, pp.603-613, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00927-9

K. Sherrard, F. Robin, P. Lemaire, and E. Munro, Sequential Activation of Apical and Basolateral Contractility Drives Ascidian Endoderm Invagination, Current Biology, vol.20, issue.17, pp.1499-1510, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.075
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00566790

W. Shi and M. Levine, Ephrin signaling establishes asymmetric cell fates in an endomesoderm lineage of the Ciona embryo, Development, vol.135, issue.5, pp.931-940, 2008.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.011940

J. Shin, C. Gu, J. Kim, and S. Park, Transient activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway by the forward signaling of EphA4 in PC12 cells, BMB Reports, vol.41, issue.6, pp.479-484, 2008.
DOI : 10.5483/BMBRep.2008.41.6.479

M. Shirae-kurabayashi, K. Matsuda, and A. Nakamura, Ci-Pem-1 localizes to the nucleus and represses somatic gene transcription in the germline of Ciona intestinalis embryos, Development, vol.138, issue.14, pp.2871-2881, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.058131

W. C. Smith, H. , and R. M. , Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos, Cell, vol.70, issue.5, pp.829-840, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90316-5

P. Squarzoni, F. Parveen, L. Zanetti, F. Ristoratore, and A. Spagnuolo, transcription, Development, vol.138, issue.7, pp.1421-1432, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.057323

C. D. Stern, Initial patterning of the central nervous system: How many organizers?, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.351, issue.2, pp.92-98, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35053563

C. D. Stern, Neural induction: old problem, new findings, yet more questions, Development, vol.132, issue.9, pp.2007-2021, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.01794

C. D. Stern and K. M. Downs, The hypoblast (visceral endoderm): an evo-devo perspective, Development, vol.139, issue.6, pp.1059-1069, 2012.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.070730

C. D. Stern, J. Charité, J. Deschamps, D. Duboule, A. J. Durston et al., Head-tail patterning of the vertebrate embryo: one, two or many unresolved problems?, The International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.3-15, 2006.
DOI : 10.1387/ijdb.052095cs

A. Stolfi, C. , and L. , Genetic and Genomic Toolbox of the Chordate Ciona intestinalis, Genetics, vol.192, issue.1, pp.55-66, 2012.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.112.140590

A. Stolfi, E. Wagner, J. M. Taliaferro, S. Chou, and M. Levine, Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.138, pp.5429-5439, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.072108
URL : http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/138/24/5429

A. Streit, K. J. Lee, I. Woo, C. Roberts, T. M. Jessell et al., Chordin regulates primitive streak development and the stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.125, pp.507-519, 1998.

A. Streit, A. J. Berliner, C. Papanayotou, A. Sirulnik, and C. D. Stern, Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation, Nature, vol.406, issue.6791, pp.74-78, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35017617

M. Studer, A. Lumsden, L. Ariza-mcnaughton, A. Bradley, and R. Krumlauf, Altered segmental identity and abnormal migration of motor neurons in mice lacking Hoxb-1, Nature, vol.384, issue.6610, pp.630-634, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/384630a0

O. Tassy, F. Daian, C. Hudson, V. Bertrand, and P. Lemaire, A Quantitative Approach to the Study of Cell Shapes and Interactions during Early Chordate Embryogenesis, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.345-358, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.044
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00088466

N. Taub, D. Teis, H. L. Ebner, M. W. Hess, and L. A. Huber, Late Endosomal Traffic of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ensures Spatial and Temporal Fidelity of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.18, issue.12, pp.4698-4710, 2007.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.E07-02-0098

P. Thomas and R. Beddington, Anterior primitive endoderm may be responsible for patterning the anterior neural plate in the mouse embryo, Current Biology, vol.6, issue.11, pp.1487-1496, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(96)00753-1

J. Tong, S. Elowe, P. Nash, and T. Pawson, Manipulation of EphB2 Regulatory Motifs and SH2 Binding Sites Switches MAPK Signaling and Biological Activity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.8, pp.6111-6119, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M208972200

J. Tong, Y. Sydorskyy, J. R. St-germain, P. Taylor, M. S. Tsao et al., Odin (ANKS1A) Modulates EGF Receptor Recycling and Stability, PLoS ONE, vol.60, issue.6, p.64817, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0064817.s006

J. M. Venuti, J. , and W. R. , Cell lineage and determination of cell fate in ascidian embryos, Int. J. Dev. Biol, vol.33, pp.197-212, 1989.

C. Vieira, A. Pombero, R. García-lopez, L. Gimeno, D. Echevarria et al., Molecular mechanisms controlling brain development: an overview of neuroepithelial secondary organizers, The International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol.54, issue.1, pp.7-20, 2010.
DOI : 10.1387/ijdb.092853cv

M. M. Vihanto, C. Vindis, V. Djonov, D. P. Cerretti, and U. Huynh-do, Caveolin-1 is required for signaling and membrane targeting of EphB1 receptor tyrosine kinase, Journal of Cell Science, vol.119, issue.11, pp.2299-2309, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02946

E. Wagner and M. Levine, FGF signaling establishes the anterior border of the Ciona neural tube, Development, vol.139, issue.13, pp.2351-2359, 2012.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.078485

B. Wasylyk, J. Hagman, and A. Gutierrez-hartmann, Ets transcription factors: nuclear effectors of the Ras???MAP-kinase signaling pathway, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.23, issue.6, pp.213-216, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01211-0

K. A. Wharton, R. P. Ray, and W. M. Gelbart, An activity gradient of decapentaplegic is necessary for the specification of dorsal pattern elements in the Drosophila embryo, Dev. Camb. Engl, vol.117, pp.807-822, 1993.

P. A. Wilson and A. Hemmati-brivanlou, Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4, Nature, vol.376, issue.6538, pp.331-333, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/376331a0

S. H. Wimmer-kleikamp, P. W. Janes, A. Squire, P. I. Bastiaens, and M. Lackmann, Recruitment of Eph receptors into signaling clusters does not require ephrin contact, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.115, issue.5, pp.661-666, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(01)01982-1

A. Woznica, M. Haeussler, E. Starobinska, J. Jemmett, Y. Li et al., Initial deployment of the cardiogenic gene regulatory network in the basal chordate, Ciona intestinalis, Developmental Biology, vol.368, issue.1, pp.127-139, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.002

J. Wykosky, E. Palma, D. M. Gibo, S. Ringler, C. P. Turner et al., Soluble monomeric EphrinA1 is released from tumor cells and is a functional ligand for the EphA2 receptor, Oncogene, vol.15, issue.58, pp.7260-7273, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980302)75:5<780::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-A

K. Yagi, N. Takatori, Y. Satou, and N. Satoh, Ci-Tbx6b and Ci-Tbx6c are key mediators of the maternal effect gene Ci-macho1 in muscle cell differentiation in Ciona intestinalis embryos, Developmental Biology, vol.282, issue.2, pp.535-549, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.029

Y. Yang, S. M. Han, and M. A. Miller, MSP hormonal control of the oocyte MAP kinase cascade and reactive oxygen species signaling, Developmental Biology, vol.342, issue.1, pp.96-107, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.026

H. Yasuo, H. , and C. , FGF8/17/18 functions together with FGF9/16/20 during formation of the notochord in Ciona embryos, Developmental Biology, vol.302, issue.1, pp.92-103, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.075

S. Yoshida, Y. Marikawa, and N. Satoh, Regulation of the Trunk???Tail Patterning in the Ascidian Embryo: A Possible Interaction of Cascades between Lithium/??-Catenin and Localized Maternal Factor pem, Developmental Biology, vol.202, issue.2, pp.264-279, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1998.9008

M. Zimmer, A. Palmer, J. Köhler, and R. Klein, EphB???ephrinB bi-directional endocytosis terminates adhesion allowing contact mediated repulsion, Nature Cell Biology, vol.5, issue.10, pp.869-878, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb1045
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0012-22FB-7