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, 1 (Atome lourd) Dans le cas des protéines, atome lourd désigne tout atome (majoritairement C, N, O, S) qui ne soit pas un hydrogène (H)
, 2 (Electronegativité) Capacité d'un atome à attirer les électrons, plus un atome est électronégatif
, 3 (Polarité) Capacité à créer des liaisons électrostatiques avec des molécules d'eau (H 2 O)
, Capacité d'un atome à repousser l'eau, un composé hydrophobe ne contient pas de groupe chargé ou d'atome capable de former des liaisons hydrogène
, 6 (Liaison ionique) Liaison entre deux atomes avec une trop forte différence d'électronégativité
, Liaison Hydrogène) Attraction entre un atome d'hydrogène et un atome électronégatif. Lorsqu'un atome d'hydrogène déjà lié à un atome subit l'attraction d'un second atome électronégatif (souvent N ou O)
, 11 (Groupe hydroxyle) Atome d'hydrogène (H) lié à un atome d'oxygène (O)
, Groupe carbonyle) Est caractérisé par une double liaison entre un atome d'oxygène (O) et de carbone, ce dernier étant autrement lié à des atomes de carbone (C) ou d'hydrogène (H) exclusivement
, Groupe carboxyle) Atome d'oxygène (O) uni par une double liaison à un carbone (C) lié à un groupement hydroxyle. Le groupement carboxyle a également des propriétés d'acide car il a tendance à s'ioniser en perdant un proton (H + ) Ce groupement est un
, 14 (Groupe amine) Comprend un atome d'azote (N) lié ou non à un ou plusieurs atomes d'hydrogène (H)
, 15 (Groupe thiol) Atome de soufre (S) lié à une hydrogène et attaché à un radical
, 16 (Cycles aromatiques) Structure plane et stable, les atomes peuvent s'associer et former des cycles, partageant ainsi des électrons qui, délocalisés
, 17 (Groupement aliphatique) Du grec alipheir (graisse) : hydrocarbure non-aromatique. Pour les protéines, le groupement aliphatique est restreint aux portions de chaîne latérale hydrocarbures saturées
, définitions générales Définition A.18 (Acide aminé) Acide carboxylique possédant entre autre un groupement amine
, 20 (Enzyme) Protéines qui catalyse (favorise) une ou plusieurs réactions chimiques