In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the activity of the constitutively active tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL1 drives the activation of the PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Among other consequences, activated or inhibited transcription factors induce important modifications of the CML cells gene expression pattern that could impact cell cycle control, apoptosis and genetic instability, leading to the expansion of the oncogene-transformed cells and to the acquisition of potentially harmful de novo mutations. However, indirect BCR-ABL1-dependant regulations might also occur, for instance through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs). Among the ~2000 miRNAs reported in humans, numerous species are up- or down-regulated in various cancer models. In the context of CML however, there is no clear consensus regarding the role of specific miRNAs, despite several studies. The first aim of this thesis was to study the effects of a clinically relevant concentration of imatinib, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) that blocks BCR-ABL1, on the CML cell line K562: both the microRNA expression profile and the cells proteome were analyzed. Using microarray hybridization, RT-qPCR experiments and a functional assay, we identified miR-21 as one of the most significantly down-regulated microRNA in cells that were treated with imatinib. In parallel, a semi-quantitative proteomic approach identified the tumor suppressor programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) as the most over-expressed protein in imatinib-treated cells. We showed that miR-21 can bind to PDCD4 3'UTR and decrease its expression. The STAT5 - miR-21 - PDCD4 pathway was conserved in CML primary CD34+ cells, and to some extent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) models as well; the known functions of miR-21 and PDCD4 suggest that their regulation by BCR-ABL1 could participate in the antileukemic response triggered by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the second part of this manuscript, we was interested in the immature stem cells population that cannot be eliminated by TKI. The underlying mechanisms of this resistance are not fully understood. The TKI-resistant CML stem cells reside in the CD34+/CD38low subpopulation, that can be sorted from the mononuclear cells fraction using FACS. In this project, we propose to describe the microRNA repertoire of the CML CD34+/CD38low cells to highlight the potential role of microRNA in the resistance mechanisms by identifying some of their targets, using bioinformatic and experimental approaches. This combination of miRNome and functional analysis would allow to increase the knowledge of the biology of the TKI-resistant CML stem cells. Our results have shown that the cellular fraction enriched in stem cells (CD34+CD38low) expressed specifically four microRNA: miR-10a, miR-146, miR-150 and miR-155. It is also interested to notice that only two of them, miR-150 and miR-155, are highly expressed in CML-patient CD34+CD38low cells compared to normal cells.