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. Pierre, Nous avons montré dans les chapitres 1, 2 et 3 que l'organisation spatiale du colza dans le paysage influençait l'abondance et la diversité d'abeilles sauvages mais également le service de pollinisation en prairie permanente. Ces influences du colza diffèrent en fonction de la période considérée, Effet intra-annuel de l'organisation spatiale des champs de colza dans le paysage La surface occupée par le colza augmente fortement depuis plusieurs décennies en France : elle a quadruplé entre, 1970.

, Pendant la floraison du colza, Concentration et dilution des abeilles dans le paysage: conséquences pour la pollinisation des plantes sauvages

. Holzschuh, Dans la Figure 23, nous avons schématisé les trois types de réponse envisageables pour illustrer les effets de la surface de colza dans le paysage sur l'abondance des abeilles en prairie permanente : certaines espèces ne sont pas attirées par les ressources fournies par le colza et se concentrent dans les autres habitats pourvoyeurs de ressources (e.g. prairie permanente) (hypothèse C, effet positif de la surface de colza dans le paysage sur l'abondance des abeilles en prairie permanente), certaines peuvent se nourrir dans le colza sans être particulièrement attirées (hypothèse B, pas d'effet), d'autres espèces peuvent être attirées par le colza (hypothèse A, effet négatif). Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que la prise en, Pendant la floraison du colza, la quantité de colza dans le paysage peut influencer différemment la distribution spatiale des espèces d'abeilles en fonction de leur attirance au colza, 2016.

. Westphal, Plusieurs explications peuvent être avancées pour comprendre ces différences de résultats par rapport à la littérature. Tout d'abord, il est important de noter le faible effectif des bourdons capturés en prairie dans notre étude (85 individus échantillonnés pendant la floraison du colza, sur deux années d'expérimentation), avec pour hypothèse qu'à cette période, peu d'ouvrières ont émergé. De plus, parmi les 85 bourdons capturés, 69% (59 individus) appartiennent au groupe des bourdons à longue langue. Ce groupe d'espèces de bourdons (représenté dans notre étude par Bombus confusus, B. hortorum, B. humilis, B. muscorum, B. pascuorum, B. ruderarius, B. sylvarum) est connu pour être peu attiré par le colza en comparaison avec les espèces à langue courte, Historiquement dans la littérature scientifique, les bourdons (i.e. groupe des abeilles eusociales dans le chapitre 1) sont les premières espèces pour lesquelles l'influence du colza dans le paysage a été évaluée, 1997.

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