In this article, we prove the (uniform) global exponential stabilization of the cubic defocusing Schr\"odinger equation on the torus d-dimensional torus, for d=1, 2 or 3, with a linear damping localized in a subset of the torus satisfying some geometrical assumptions. In particular, this answers an open question of Dehman, G\'erard, Lebeau from 2006. Our approach is based on three ingredients. First, we prove the well-posedness of the closed-loop system in Bourgain spaces. Secondly, we derive new Carleman estimates for the nonlinear equation by directly including the cubic term in the conjugated operator. Thirdly, by conjugating with energy estimates and Morawetz multipliers method, we then deduce quantitative observability estimates leading to the uniform exponential decay of the total energy of the system. As a corollary of the global stabilization result, we obtain an upper bound of the minimal time of the global null-controllability of the nonlinear equation by using a stabilization procedure and a local null-controllability result.