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Journal Articles Cryptography and Communications - Discrete Structures, Boolean Functions and Sequences Year : 2019

## If a generalised butterfly is APN then it operates on 6 bits

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Anne Canteaut
Léo Perrin
• Function : Author
• PersonId : 1023885
Shizhu Tian
• Function : Author
• PersonId : 1060063

#### Abstract

Whether there exist Almost Perfect Non-linear permutations (APN) operating on an even number of bit is the so-called Big APN Problem. It has been solved in the 6-bit case by Dillon et al. in 2009 but, since then, the general case has remained an open problem. In 2016, Perrin et al. discovered the butterfly structure which contains Dillon et al.'s permutation over $F_2^6$. Later, Canteaut et al. generalised this structure and proved that no other butterflies with exponent 3 can be APN. Recently, Yongqiang et al. further generalized the structure with Gold exponent and obtained more differentially 4-uniform permutations with the optimal nonlinearity. However, the existence of more APN permutations in their generalization was left as an open problem. In this paper, we adapt the proof technique of Canteaut et al. to handle all Gold exponents and prove that a generalised butterfly with Gold exponents over $F_2^{2n}$ can never be APN when n > 3. More precisely, we prove that such a generalised butterfly being APN implies that the branch size is strictly smaller than 5. Hence, the only APN butterflies operate on 3-bit branches, i.e. on 6 bits in total.

### Dates and versions

hal-02420992 , version 1 (20-12-2019)

### Identifiers

• HAL Id : hal-02420992 , version 1
• DOI :

### Cite

Anne Canteaut, Léo Perrin, Shizhu Tian. If a generalised butterfly is APN then it operates on 6 bits. Cryptography and Communications - Discrete Structures, Boolean Functions and Sequences , 2019, 11 (6), pp.1147-1164. ⟨10.1007/s12095-019-00361-x⟩. ⟨hal-02420992⟩

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