Neonicotinoids are the symbol of agriculture built on chemistry. Despite their efficiency, neonicotinoids’ effect have been judged disproportionately impactful, leading to the disappearance of biological regulations and weakening some useful functions of the agroecosystem. The withdrawal of neonicotinoids represents a real challenge, because in a context where the criteria used to assess agricultural performance struggles to go beyond the purely economic and short-term dimensions, there is no single alternative capable of replacing the plant protection products that have been withdrawn. Effectively, systems need to be rethought in their entirety and a new combination of tools envisioned. For example, the funding of a number of scientific projects in several sectors under a dedicated call for projects entitled "Ecophyto: Sustainable crop protection without neonicotinoids: improving the emerging and opening up innovative prospects" has enabled progress to be made in the management of arthropod pests and vectors by mobilising varietal characteristics, biocontrol solutions, and crop management itineraries to boost resilience or ensure an avoidance strategy for the most problematic situations. If we accept that the situation "with neonicotinoids" can no longer be considered as the benchmark, all these avenues can help to outline possible ways forward for agriculture that is open to an agroecological transition. The faster farmers are supported and trained to master these new approaches, the faster the upstream and downstream sectors of agriculture are mobilised to amplify the approach or take the effectiveness of the alternatives further than the 20-40% effectiveness of the individual alternative levers currently in use